Abstract
To quantify the genetic gain in yield and associated changes in phenotype, we compared 13 South Australian wheat varieties released between 1958 and 2007. Crops were grown in three environments with a range of yield between 4.1 and 6.1 t/ha. Yield increased linearly with year of cultivar release at a rate of 25 ± 3.4 kg/ha per year. Yield improvement was associated with a linear increase in harvest index over the whole period 1958–2007 and increased shoot biomass for varieties released after the early 1980s. A non-linear model with an inflection point at 1982 ± 1.6 emphasised two phases in the time trend of grain size: it decreased between 1957 and 1982 and increased afterwards. The plasticity of grain size increased 2-fold after 1982. Grain number increased until the early 1980s and stabilised afterwards. Grain number was associated with crop growth rate between stem elongation and anthesis, and grain size was associated with crop growth rate per grain. Crop growth rate between stem elongation and anthesis increased after the early 1980s in parallel with increased radiation-use efficiency and independently of changes in capture of radiation. Candidate traits to explain the improvement in radiation-use efficiency include increased stomatal conductance and greener leaves. The concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates in shoots at anthesis increased with year of cultivar release at 0.12 ± 0.018% per year. In two out of three environments, yield response to competition declined with year of cultivar release, which was consistent with the communal plant ideotype.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Yield rose with year of cultivar release by 25 ± 3.4 kg/ha per year.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- cultivare0
- Outcome
- Yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 25 ± 3.4 kg/ha per yeare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield increased linearly with year of cultivar release at a rate of 25 ± 3.4 kg/ha per year.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Harvest index increased across 1958–2007.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- varietiese0
- Outcome
- harvest indexe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- 1958–2007e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield improvement was associated with a linear increase in harvest index over the whole period 1958–2007 and increased shoot biomass for varieties released after the early 1980s.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot biomass increased among varieties released after the early 1980s.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- varietiese0
- Outcome
- shoot biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- after the early 1980se0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield improvement was associated with a linear increase in harvest index over the whole period 1958–2007 and increased shoot biomass for varieties released after the early 1980s.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain size decreased between 1957 and 1982.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- grain sizee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- between 1957 and 1982e0
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A non-linear model with an inflection point at 1982 ± 1.6 emphasised two phases in the time trend of grain size: it decreased between 1957 and 1982 and increased afterwards.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain size increased after 1982.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- grain sizee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- afterwardse0
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A non-linear model with an inflection point at 1982 ± 1.6 emphasised two phases in the time trend of grain size: it decreased between 1957 and 1982 and increased afterwards.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain size plasticity increased twofold after 1982.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- grain sizee0
- Outcome
- plasticity of grain sizee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2-folde0
- Qualifier
- after 1982e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plasticity of grain size increased 2-fold after 1982.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain number increased until the early 1980s.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- graine0
- Outcome
- Grain numbere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- until the early 1980se0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain number increased until the early 1980s and stabilised afterwards.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain number stabilized after the early 1980s.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- graine0
- Outcome
- Grain numbere0
- Direction
- stabilisede0
- Qualifier
- afterwardse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain number increased until the early 1980s and stabilised afterwards.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain number was associated with crop growth rate between stem elongation and anthesis.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- stem elongation and anthesise0
- Outcome
- Grain numbere0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain number was associated with crop growth rate between stem elongation and anthesis, and grain size was associated with crop growth rate per grain.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain size was associated with crop growth rate per grain.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- graine0
- Outcome
- grain sizee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain number was associated with crop growth rate between stem elongation and anthesis, and grain size was associated with crop growth rate per grain.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop growth rate between stem elongation and anthesis increased after the early 1980s.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- stem elongation and anthesise0
- Outcome
- Crop growth ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- after the early 1980se0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crop growth rate between stem elongation and anthesis increased after the early 1980s in parallel with increased radiation-use efficiency and independently of changes in capture of radiation.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Radiation-use efficiency increased after the early 1980s.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- radiation-use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- after the early 1980se0
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crop growth rate between stem elongation and anthesis increased after the early 1980s in parallel with increased radiation-use efficiency and independently of changes in capture of radiation.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Radiation capture did not change alongside crop growth rate.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- stem elongation and anthesise0
- Outcome
- capture of radiatione0
- Direction
- independently of changese0
- Qualifier
- after the early 1980se0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crop growth rate between stem elongation and anthesis increased after the early 1980s in parallel with increased radiation-use efficiency and independently of changes in capture of radiation.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Stomatal conductance and greener leaves were proposed as candidate traits explaining radiation-use efficiency.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- radiation-use efficiencye0
- Qualifier
- increased stomatal conductance and greener leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Candidate traits to explain the improvement in radiation-use efficiency include increased stomatal conductance and greener leaves.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot water-soluble carbohydrate concentration at anthesis increased with cultivar release year by 0.12 ± 0.018% per year.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- cultivare0
- Organ / stage
- shoots at anthesise0
- Outcome
- concentration of water-soluble carbohydratese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.12 ± 0.018% per yeare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates in shoots at anthesis increased with year of cultivar release at 0.12 ± 0.018% per year.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield response to competition declined with cultivar release year in two of three environments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- cultivare0
- Outcome
- yield response to competitione0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Qualifier
- In two out of three environmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In two out of three environments, yield response to competition declined with year of cultivar release, which was consistent with the communal plant ideotype.”
t0“wheat”