Abstract
Glycinebetaine is one of the compatible solutes that accumulate in the chloroplasts of contain halotolerant plants when these plants are exposed to salt or cold stress. The codA gene for choline oxidase, the enzyme that converts choline into glycinebetaine, has previously been cloned from a soil bacterium, Arthrobacter globiformis. Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana with the cloned codA gene under the control of the 35S promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus enabled the plant to accumulate glycinebetaine and enhanced its tolerance to salt and cold stress. At 300 mM NaCl, considerable proportions of seeds of transformed plants germinated well, whereas seeds of wild-type plants failed to germinate. At 100 mM NaCl, transformed plants grew well whereas wild-type plants did not do so. The transformed plants tolerated 200 mM NaCl, which was lethal to wild-type plants. After plants had been incubated with 400 mM NaCl for two days, the photosystem II activity of wild-type plants had almost completely disappeared, whereas that of transformed plants remained at more than 50% of the original level. When exposed to a low temperature in the light, leaves of wild-type plants exhibited symptoms of chlorosis, whereas those of transformed plants did not. These observations demonstrate that the genetic modification of Arabidopsis thaliana that allowed it to accumulate glycinebetaine enhanced its ability to tolerate salt and cold stress.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
codA transformation enabled glycinebetaine accumulation.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Treatment
- Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana with the cloned codA genee0
- Gene
- codAe0
- Outcome
- accumulate glycinebetainee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana with the cloned codA gene under the control of the 35S promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus enabled the plant to accumulate glycinebetaine”
Claim · model-written summary
codA transformation enhanced tolerance to salt and cold stress.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana with the cloned codA genee0
- Gene
- codAe0
- Outcome
- tolerance to salt and cold stresse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana with the cloned codA gene under the control of the 35S promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus enabled the plant to accumulate glycinebetaine and enhanced its tolerance to salt and cold stress”
Claim · model-written summary
At 300 mM NaCl, transformed seeds germinated whereas wild-type seeds did not.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Treatment
- 300 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- germinated welle0
- Comparator
- wild-type plantse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 300 mM NaCl, considerable proportions of seeds of transformed plants germinated well, whereas seeds of wild-type plants failed to germinate.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100 mM NaCl, transformed plants grew whereas wild-type plants did not.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- 100 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- grew welle0
- Comparator
- wild-type plantse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 100 mM NaCl, transformed plants grew well whereas wild-type plants did not do so.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Transformed plants tolerated 200 mM NaCl, which killed wild-type plants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- 200 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- tolerated 200 mM NaCle0
- Comparator
- wild-type plantse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The transformed plants tolerated 200 mM NaCl, which was lethal to wild-type plants.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
After 400 mM NaCl for two days, transformed plants retained over half their original photosystem II activity whereas wild type lost almost all of it.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- 400 mM NaCl for two dayse0
- Outcome
- photosystem II activitye0
- Direction
- remainede0
- Value
- more than 50% of the original levele0
- Comparator
- wild-type plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After plants had been incubated with 400 mM NaCl for two days, the photosystem II activity of wild-type plants had almost completely disappeared, whereas that of transformed plants remained at more than 50% of the original level.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold exposure in light caused chlorosis in wild-type leaves but not transformed leaves.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- a low temperature in the lighte0
- Outcome
- symptoms of chlorosise0
- Comparator
- wild-type plantse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When exposed to a low temperature in the light, leaves of wild-type plants exhibited symptoms of chlorosis, whereas those of transformed plants did not.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
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