Abstract
Early blight caused by A lternaria solani is a highly destructive disease of potatoes. Control of early blight mainly relies on the use of preventive fungicide treatments. Because of their high efficacy, azoxystrobin and other quinone outside inhibitors ( Q o I s) are commonly used to manage early blight. However, loss of sensitivity to Q o I s has previously been reported for A . solani in the U nited S tates. Two hundred and three A . solani field isolates collected from 81 locations in G ermany between 2005 and 2011 were screened for the presence of the F 129 L mutation in the cytochrome b gene; of these, 74 contained the F 129 L mutation. Sequence analysis revealed the occurrence of two structurally different cytb genes, which differed in the presence (genotype I) or absence (genotype II) of an intron, with genotype I being the most prevalent (63% of isolates). The F 129 L mutation was detected only in genotype II isolates, where it occurred in 97%. Sensitivity to azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin was determined in conidial germination assays. All isolates possessing the F 129 L mutation had reduced sensitivity to azoxystrobin and, to a lesser extent, to pyraclostrobin. Early blight disease severity on plants treated with azoxystrobin was significantly higher for A . solani isolates with reduced fungicide sensitivity in the conidial germination assay compared with sensitive isolates. Data suggest an accumulation of F 129 L isolates in the G erman A . solani population over the years 2009–2011. It is assumed that the application of Q o I s has selected for the occurrence of F 129 L mutations, which may contribute to loss of fungicide efficacy.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Of 203 German A. solani isolates, 74 had the F 129 L mutation.
- Taxon
- potatoes
Solanum tuberosumt0 - Interactor
- A . solanie0pathogen
- Gene
- F 129 L mutatione0
- Outcome
- A . solani field isolatese0
- Value
- 74e0
- Setting
- G ermanye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two hundred and three A . solani field isolates collected from 81 locations in G ermany between 2005 and 2011 were screened for the presence of the F 129 L mutation in the cytochrome b gene; of these, 74 contained the F 129 L mutation.”
t0“potatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Two cytb gene forms differed by presence of an intron.
- Taxon
- potatoesSolanum tuberosumt0
- Interactor
- A lternaria solanit1pathogen
- Gene
- cytb genese0
- Outcome
- two structurally different cytb genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sequence analysis revealed the occurrence of two structurally different cytb genes, which differed in the presence (genotype I) or absence (genotype II) of an intron”
t0“potatoes”
t1“A lternaria solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype I was the more prevalent cytb form at 63% of isolates.
- Taxon
- potatoesSolanum tuberosumt0
- Interactor
- A lternaria solanit1pathogen
- Outcome
- genotype Ie0
- Direction
- most prevalente0
- Value
- 63% of isolatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“genotype I being the most prevalent (63% of isolates)”
t0“potatoes”
t1“A lternaria solani”
Claim · model-written summary
F 129 L occurred only in genotype II and was present in 97% of those isolates.
- Taxon
- potatoesSolanum tuberosumt0
- Material
- genotype II isolatese0
- Interactor
- A lternaria solanit1pathogen
- Gene
- F 129 L mutatione0
- Outcome
- F 129 L mutatione0
- Value
- 97%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The F 129 L mutation was detected only in genotype II isolates, where it occurred in 97%.”
t0“potatoes”
t1“A lternaria solani”
Claim · model-written summary
All F 129 L isolates had reduced sensitivity to azoxystrobin.
- Taxon
- potatoesSolanum tuberosumt0
- Interactor
- A lternaria solanit1pathogen
- Gene
- F 129 L mutatione0
- Outcome
- sensitivity to azoxystrobine0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All isolates possessing the F 129 L mutation had reduced sensitivity to azoxystrobin and, to a lesser extent, to pyraclostrobin.”
t0“potatoes”
t1“A lternaria solani”
Claim · model-written summary
All F 129 L isolates had reduced sensitivity to pyraclostrobin, less than for azoxystrobin.
- Taxon
- potatoesSolanum tuberosumt0
- Interactor
- A lternaria solanit1pathogen
- Gene
- F 129 L mutatione0
- Outcome
- pyraclostrobine0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- to a lesser extente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All isolates possessing the F 129 L mutation had reduced sensitivity to azoxystrobin and, to a lesser extent, to pyraclostrobin.”
t0“potatoes”
t1“A lternaria solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Azoxystrobin-treated potato plants had significantly greater early blight severity with reduced-sensitivity isolates than with sensitive isolates.
- Taxon
- potatoesSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- azoxystrobine0
- Interactor
- A . solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- Early blight disease severitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- sensitive isolatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early blight disease severity on plants treated with azoxystrobin was significantly higher for A . solani isolates with reduced fungicide sensitivity in the conidial germination assay compared with sensitive isolates.”
t0“potatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
F 129 L isolates appear to have accumulated in Germany during 2009–2011.
- Taxon
- potatoesSolanum tuberosumt0
- Interactor
- A . solanie0pathogen
- Gene
- F 129 Le0
- Outcome
- accumulation of F 129 L isolatese0
- Setting
- G ermane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Data suggest an accumulation of F 129 L isolates in the G erman A . solani population over the years 2009–2011.”
t0“potatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that Q o I application selected F 129 L mutations and may reduce fungicide efficacy.
- Taxon
- potatoesSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- Q o I se0
- Interactor
- A lternaria solanit1pathogen
- Gene
- F 129 L mutationse0
- Outcome
- loss of fungicide efficacye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It is assumed that the application of Q o I s has selected for the occurrence of F 129 L mutations, which may contribute to loss of fungicide efficacy.”
t0“potatoes”
t1“A lternaria solani”