Abstract
Several hurricanes struck Florida, U.S. in 2004 and 2005 causing widespread damage to urban and rural areas. We measured the impacts of five of these hurricanes on the urban forest and combined these results with four other hurricanes to present an assessment of wind resistance for southeastern United States coastal plain tree species. Urban forest loss was positively correlated with wind speed. Tree species demonstrating the highest survival in winds were sand live oak (Quercus geminata), American holly (Ilex opaca), southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), live oak (Quercus virginiana), wax myrtle (Myrica cerifera), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica), dogwood (Cornus florida), and sabal palm (Sabal palmetto). In a statistical comparison of sand live oak, live oak, and laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia) survival after four panhandle hurricanes, laurel oak had significantly poorer survival than both live oak and sand live oak. Among all species, larger trees lost more branches than medium and smaller trees. Leaf loss had a positive relationship with survival; losing leaves during the hurricane meant higher survival. Trees growing in groups or clusters had greater survival than those growing as individual trees. Tree species with higher wood density had greater survival. Tree species categorized as having dense crowns lost more branches than those with moderate and open crowns; however, contrary to the literature, dense-crowned species survived best. A survey of arborists, scientists, and urban foresters ranked species for their wind resistance. Using our results from hurricane measurements and incorporating results from the survey and the scientific literature, we have developed lists of relative wind resistance for tree species in the southeastern coastal plain. These lists should be used with caution with the knowledge that no species and no tree is completely windproof. In addition, local considerations such as soil, cultural practices, tree age and health, and other urban forest conditions need to be taken into account.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Urban forest loss rose with wind speed.
Verbatim
e0“Urban forest loss was positively correlated with wind speed.”
t0“Tree Species”
Claim · model-written summary
Nine named tree species showed the highest wind survival.
Verbatim
e0“Tree species demonstrating the highest survival in winds were sand live oak (Quercus geminata), American holly (Ilex opaca), southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), live oak (Quercus virginiana), wax myrtle (Myrica cerifera), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica), dogwood (Cornus florida), and sabal palm (Sabal palmetto).”
Claim · model-written summary
Laurel oak survival was significantly poorer than live oak and sand live oak after four hurricanes.
- Taxon
- laurel oak
.jpg?width=60)
Quercus imbricariae0 - Outcome
- survivale0
- Direction
- poorere0
- Comparator
- live oak and sand live oake0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“laurel oak had significantly poorer survival than both live oak and sand live oak.”
Claim · model-written summary
Larger trees lost more branches than medium and smaller trees.
Verbatim
e0“larger trees lost more branches than medium and smaller trees.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf loss was positively related to survival.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf loss had a positive relationship with survival; losing leaves during the hurricane meant higher survival.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grouped trees survived better than individual trees.
Verbatim
e0“Trees growing in groups or clusters had greater survival than those growing as individual trees.”
Claim · model-written summary
Species with higher wood density survived better.
Verbatim
e0“Tree species with higher wood density had greater survival.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dense-crowned species lost more branches.
Verbatim
e0“Tree species categorized as having dense crowns lost more branches than those with moderate and open crowns”
Claim · model-written summary
Dense-crowned species survived best.
Verbatim
e0“dense-crowned species survived best”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors developed relative wind resistance lists for southeastern coastal plain trees.
Not reportedComparatorValue
Verbatim
e0“we have developed lists of relative wind resistance for tree species in the southeastern coastal plain”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors advise caution using the lists because no tree is windproof.
Verbatim
e0“These lists should be used with caution with the knowledge that no species and no tree is completely windproof.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors advise considering local soil, practices, age, health and urban forest conditions.
Verbatim
e0“local considerations such as soil, cultural practices, tree age and health, and other urban forest conditions need to be taken into account.”