Abstract
Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) has variable effects on cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ) plant growth, development and lint yield, but little is known about the responses of yield, yield components and fibre quality to low PPFD at different developmental stages. Field studies were conducted in 1993–95 to determine the effects of an 8-d period of shade (63% reduction in PPFD) imposed at different developmental stages (pinhead square (PHS), first flower (FF), peak flower (PF) and boll development (BD)) on cotton growth, lint yield, yield components and fibre quality. Shade for 8 d at the early square stage did not affect cotton growth and yield. Shade during FF, PF and BD increased fruit abscission, and decreased specific leaf weight, dry matter accumulation, lint yield, fibre micronaire, and fibre strength compared with the unshaded control. The detrimental effect of shade on yield increased with later growth stages. Shade at the FF, PF and BD stages decreased lint yield by 18, 34 and 52% in 1993, and by 18, 21 and 29% in 1994 respectively compared with the unshaded control. Shade caused the greatest decrease in the dry weight (DW) of fruits (squares + flowers + bolls) and the smallest decrease in leaf DW among leaves, stems and fruits. Of the three yield components (boll number, boll weight and lint percentage), boll number was the most sensitive to shade. Shade during squaring and early flowering had little effect on average boll weight, and did not affect lint percentage. Decreased yield of cotton shaded during FF and PF appeared to be related to decreased boll retention. Shade during BD decreased both boll retention and average boll weight. Under shade conditions, fibre micronaire and fibre strength were decreased, while other fibre properties were unaffected. These results help explain the yield response of field-grown cotton to low PPFD stress.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Early-square shade did not affect cotton growth and yield.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- Shade for 8 d at the early square stagee0
- Outcome
- cotton growth and yielde0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shade for 8 d at the early square stage did not affect cotton growth and yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Shade at flowering and boll development increased fruit abscission.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Shade during FF, PF and BDe0
- Outcome
- fruit abscissione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- unshaded controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shade during FF, PF and BD increased fruit abscission, and decreased specific leaf weight, dry matter accumulation, lint yield, fibre micronaire, and fibre strength compared with the unshaded control.”
t0“COTTON”
Claim · model-written summary
Shade decreased specific leaf weight and dry matter accumulation.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Shade during FF, PF and BDe0
- Outcome
- specific leaf weight, dry matter accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- unshaded controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shade during FF, PF and BD increased fruit abscission, and decreased specific leaf weight, dry matter accumulation, lint yield, fibre micronaire, and fibre strength compared with the unshaded control.”
t0“COTTON”
Claim · model-written summary
Shade decreased lint yield, fibre micronaire and strength.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Shade during FF, PF and BDe0
- Outcome
- lint yield, fibre micronaire, and fibre strengthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- unshaded controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shade during FF, PF and BD increased fruit abscission, and decreased specific leaf weight, dry matter accumulation, lint yield, fibre micronaire, and fibre strength compared with the unshaded control.”
t0“COTTON”
Claim · model-written summary
Flower-stage shade reduced 1993 lint yield 18%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Shade at the FFe0
- Outcome
- lint yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 18e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shade at the FF, PF and BD stages decreased lint yield by 18, 34 and 52% in 1993”
t0“COTTON”
Claim · model-written summary
Peak-flower shade reduced 1993 lint yield 34%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shade at the FF, PF and BD stages decreased lint yield by 18, 34 and 52% in 1993”
t0“COTTON”
Claim · model-written summary
Boll-development shade reduced 1993 lint yield 52%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shade at the FF, PF and BD stages decreased lint yield by 18, 34 and 52% in 1993”
t0“COTTON”
Claim · model-written summary
Flower-stage shade reduced 1994 lint yield 18%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Shade at the FFe0
- Outcome
- lint yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 18e0
- Comparator
- unshaded controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shade at the FF, PF and BD stages decreased lint yield by 18, 34 and 52% in 1993, and by 18, 21 and 29% in 1994 respectively compared with the unshaded control.”
t0“COTTON”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit dry weight fell most and leaf dry weight least under shade.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Shadee0
- Outcome
- dry weight (DW) of fruitse0
- Direction
- greatest decreasee0
- Comparator
- leaves, stems and fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shade caused the greatest decrease in the dry weight (DW) of fruits (squares + flowers + bolls) and the smallest decrease in leaf DW among leaves, stems and fruits.”
t0“COTTON”
Claim · model-written summary
Boll number was the yield component most sensitive to shade.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- boll numbere0
- Direction
- most sensitivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“boll number was the most sensitive to shade.”
t0“COTTON”
Claim · model-written summary
Shade during squaring and early flowering had little effect on boll weight.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Shade during squaring and early floweringe0
- Outcome
- average boll weighte0
- Direction
- little effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shade during squaring and early flowering had little effect on average boll weight, and did not affect lint percentage.”
t0“COTTON”
Claim · model-written summary
Shade during squaring and early flowering did not affect lint percentage.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Shade during squaring and early floweringe0
- Outcome
- lint percentagee0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shade during squaring and early flowering had little effect on average boll weight, and did not affect lint percentage.”
t0“COTTON”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced boll retention was linked to lower yield with flowering-stage shade.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Organ / stage
- bolle0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- Decreasede0
- Qualifier
- appeared to be related to decreased boll retentione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Decreased yield of cotton shaded during FF and PF appeared to be related to decreased boll retention.”
Claim · model-written summary
Boll-development shade decreased boll retention and weight.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Shade during BDe0
- Outcome
- boll retention and average boll weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shade during BD decreased both boll retention and average boll weight.”
t0“COTTON”
Claim · model-written summary
Other fibre properties were unaffected by shade.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- shade conditionse0
- Outcome
- other fibre propertiese0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under shade conditions, fibre micronaire and fibre strength were decreased, while other fibre properties were unaffected.”
t0“COTTON”
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