Abstract
The acute toxicity of the adjuvants Silwet L-77 and Kinetic, alone and in combination with petroleum oil and copper hydroxide, to the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama was evaluated in screenhouse bioassays. In addition, the acute and residual toxicity of Silwet L-77 and Kinetic, alone and in combination with petroleum oil, copper hydroxide, imidacloprid, and abamectin, to the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) were evaluated under laboratory conditions. In screenhouse trials, Silwet L-77 (0.05%) was more insecticidal than Kinetic (0.05%) and increased the toxicity of both petroleum oil and copper hydroxide to D. citri. Petroleum oil at reduced rates (0.5 and 1%) in combination with Silwet L-77 or Kinetic was less effective in reducing D. citri populations than petroleum oil at 2% in combination with these adjuvants. Petroleum oil at 2% plus Silwet L-77 was the most toxic combination to D. citri eggs, young (first- and second- instars) and mature nymphs (third- to fifth-instars), and adults (81, 83, 74, and 55% mortality, respectively). Copper hydroxide was only toxic to young nymphs when combined with Silwet L-77 (64.9% mortality). Under laboratory conditions, survival of T. radiata was reduced by the residual effects of imidacloprid (>95% mortality) and by the acute toxicity of abamectin (>91% mortality). Silwet L-77 and Kinetic alone, and petroleum oil and copper hydroxide alone or in combination with these adjuvants, had low residual and acute toxicity to the parasitoid and appear to be compatible with the biological control of D. citri by T. radiata. The results of this study suggest that Silwet L-77 may be used in a citrus IPM program in combination with petroleum oil or copper hydroxide to increase psyllid control while spraying to suppress other insect pests or plant diseases. Field trials should be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of these products against D. citri and their impact on T. radiata populations.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Silwet L-77 was more insecticidal to D. citri than Kinetic at the same concentration.
- Treatment
- Silwet L-77 (0.05%)e0
- Interactor
- D. citri
Diaphorina citrie0pest - Outcome
- more insecticidale0
- Direction
- more insecticidale0
- Comparator
- Kinetic (0.05%)e0
CitrusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Silwet L-77 (0.05%) was more insecticidal than Kinetic (0.05%) and increased the toxicity of both petroleum oil and copper hydroxide to D. citri”
e1“citrus IPM program”
Claim · model-written summary
Silwet L-77 increased the toxicity of petroleum oil and copper hydroxide to D. citri.
- Treatment
- Silwet L-77 (0.05%)e0
- Interactor
- D. citriDiaphorina citrie0pest
- Outcome
- toxicitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Silwet L-77 (0.05%) was more insecticidal than Kinetic (0.05%) and increased the toxicity of both petroleum oil and copper hydroxide to D. citri”
e1“citrus IPM program”
Claim · model-written summary
Petroleum oil at reduced rates was less effective than petroleum oil at 2% in reducing D. citri populations.
- Treatment
- Petroleum oil at reduced rates (0.5 and 1%)e0
- Interactor
- D. citriDiaphorina citrie0pest
- Outcome
- reducing D. citri populationse0
- Direction
- less effectivee0
- Comparator
- petroleum oil at 2%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Petroleum oil at reduced rates (0.5 and 1%) in combination with Silwet L-77 or Kinetic was less effective in reducing D. citri populations than petroleum oil at 2% in combination with these adjuvants”
e1“citrus IPM program”
Claim · model-written summary
Petroleum oil at 2% plus Silwet L-77 was the most toxic combination to D. citri eggs, with 81% mortality.
- Organ / stage
- eggse0
- Treatment
- Petroleum oil at 2% plus Silwet L-77e0
- Interactor
- D. citriDiaphorina citrie0pest
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- most toxice0
- Value
- 81e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Petroleum oil at 2% plus Silwet L-77 was the most toxic combination to D. citri eggs, young (first- and second- instars) and mature nymphs (third- to fifth-instars), and adults (81, 83, 74, and 55% mortality, respectively)”
e1“citrus IPM program”
Claim · model-written summary
Petroleum oil at 2% plus Silwet L-77 was the most toxic combination to young D. citri nymphs, with 83% mortality.
- Organ / stage
- younge0
- Treatment
- Petroleum oil at 2% plus Silwet L-77e0
- Interactor
- D. citriDiaphorina citrie0pest
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- most toxice0
- Value
- 83e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Petroleum oil at 2% plus Silwet L-77 was the most toxic combination to D. citri eggs, young (first- and second- instars) and mature nymphs (third- to fifth-instars), and adults (81, 83, 74, and 55% mortality, respectively)”
e1“citrus IPM program”
Claim · model-written summary
Petroleum oil at 2% plus Silwet L-77 was the most toxic combination to mature D. citri nymphs, with 74% mortality.
- Organ / stage
- mature nymphse0
- Treatment
- Petroleum oil at 2% plus Silwet L-77e0
- Interactor
- D. citriDiaphorina citrie0pest
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- most toxice0
- Value
- 74e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Petroleum oil at 2% plus Silwet L-77 was the most toxic combination to D. citri eggs, young (first- and second- instars) and mature nymphs (third- to fifth-instars), and adults (81, 83, 74, and 55% mortality, respectively)”
e1“citrus IPM program”
Claim · model-written summary
Petroleum oil at 2% plus Silwet L-77 was the most toxic combination to adult D. citri, with 55% mortality.
- Organ / stage
- adultse0
- Treatment
- Petroleum oil at 2% plus Silwet L-77e0
- Interactor
- D. citriDiaphorina citrie0pest
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- most toxice0
- Value
- 55e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Petroleum oil at 2% plus Silwet L-77 was the most toxic combination to D. citri eggs, young (first- and second- instars) and mature nymphs (third- to fifth-instars), and adults (81, 83, 74, and 55% mortality, respectively)”
e1“citrus IPM program”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper hydroxide was toxic to young D. citri nymphs only when combined with Silwet L-77, with 64.9% mortality.
- Organ / stage
- young nymphse0
- Treatment
- Copper hydroxidee0
- Interactor
- D. citriDiaphorina citrie1pest
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- only toxice0
- Value
- 64.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Copper hydroxide was only toxic to young nymphs when combined with Silwet L-77 (64.9% mortality)”
e1“Silwet L-77 (0.05%) was more insecticidal than Kinetic (0.05%) and increased the toxicity of both petroleum oil and copper hydroxide to D. citri”
e2“citrus IPM program”
Claim · model-written summary
Imidacloprid residual effects reduced survival of the parasitoid T. radiata (>95% mortality).
- Treatment
- residual effects of imidaclopride0
- Interactor
- T. radiata
Tamarixia radiatae0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- survivale0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- >95%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under laboratory conditions, survival of T. radiata was reduced by the residual effects of imidacloprid (>95% mortality) and by the acute toxicity of abamectin (>91% mortality)”
e1“citrus IPM program”
Claim · model-written summary
Abamectin acute toxicity reduced survival of the parasitoid T. radiata (>91% mortality).
- Treatment
- acute toxicity of abamectine0
- Interactor
- T. radiataTamarixia radiatae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- survivale0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- >91%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under laboratory conditions, survival of T. radiata was reduced by the residual effects of imidacloprid (>95% mortality) and by the acute toxicity of abamectin (>91% mortality)”
e1“citrus IPM program”
Claim · model-written summary
Silwet L-77 and Kinetic alone had low residual and acute toxicity to the parasitoid T. radiata.
- Treatment
- Silwet L-77 and Kinetic alonee0
- Interactor
- T. radiataTamarixia radiatae2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- residual and acute toxicitye0
- Direction
- lowe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Silwet L-77 and Kinetic alone, and petroleum oil and copper hydroxide alone or in combination with these adjuvants, had low residual and acute toxicity to the parasitoid”
e1“citrus IPM program”
e2“survival of T. radiata”
Claim · model-written summary
Silwet L-77 may be used in a citrus IPM program with petroleum oil or copper hydroxide to increase psyllid control.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of this study suggest that Silwet L-77 may be used in a citrus IPM program in combination with petroleum oil or copper hydroxide to increase psyllid control”
The same questions in other papers
imidacloprid · Tamarixia radiata · CitrusResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.