Abstract
Abstract Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is the key parasitoid of the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), in several citrus‐producing regions of the world. Chemical control is common to suppress ACP. Insecticides from globally used classes of insecticides for controlling ACP were tested on its primary parasitoid, T. radiata . Evaluations included dose–response of dimethoate, fenpropathrin, and imidacloprid in a topical application and lethal and sublethal effects from residues of imidacloprid, fenpropathrin, horticultural mineral oil (HMO), pyrethrin, and spirotetramat at 1, 3, and 7 days after application (DAA) of sprays on citrus trees in the orchard. The parasitism potential of the females that survived insecticide exposure was evaluated on untreated nymphs of ACP developing on citrus shoots and untreated parasitoid females were evaluated on nymphs treated with insecticides. In the topical application, imidacloprid was 8× more toxic to T. radiata than dimethoate and fenpropathrin. The lethal effect of the residues from imidacloprid and fenpropathrin sprays was more detrimental than other insecticides. Parasitoid mortality from 1‐ to 3‐day‐old residues averaged 90–96% for imidacloprid, 83–94% for fenpropathrin, 38–77% for pyrethrin, 43–44% for HMO, and 17–33% for spirotetramat. Parasitism by females that survived insecticide exposure was reduced by 71–88% from fenpropathrin, 28–59% from pyrethrin, 31–55% from imidacloprid, 44–4% from spirotetramat, and 39–11% from HMO compared to untreated females. The lethal and sublethal effects of all insecticides on T. radiata were significantly reduced at 7 DAA, suggesting a lower impact on its establishment and performance if releases are made after a week from spray application.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
In topical application, imidacloprid was 8 times more toxic to T. radiata than dimethoate and fenpropathrin.
- Treatment
- imidaclopride1
- Interactor
- T. radiata
Tamarixia radiatae1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- toxic to T. radiatae1
- Direction
- more toxice1
- Value
- 8×e1
- Comparator
- dimethoate and fenpropathrine1
CitrusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“of sprays on citrus trees in the orchard”
e1“In the topical application, imidacloprid was 8× more toxic to T. radiata than dimethoate and fenpropathrin”
Claim · model-written summary
Lethal effect of residues from imidacloprid and fenpropathrin sprays on T. radiata was more detrimental than from other insecticides.
- Treatment
- imidacloprid and fenpropathrin sprayse3
- Interactor
- T. radiataTamarixia radiatae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- lethal effecte3
- Direction
- more detrimentale3
- Comparator
- other insecticidese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“of sprays on citrus trees in the orchard”
e3“The lethal effect of the residues from imidacloprid and fenpropathrin sprays was more detrimental than other insecticides”
e1“In the topical application, imidacloprid was 8× more toxic to T. radiata than dimethoate and fenpropathrin”
Claim · model-written summary
Imidacloprid residues caused 90–96% parasitoid mortality at 1 to 3 days after spraying.
- Treatment
- imidaclopride5
- Interactor
- T. radiataTamarixia radiatae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Parasitoid mortalitye5
- Value
- 90–96%e5
- Qualifier
- 1‐ to 3‐day‐old residuese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“of sprays on citrus trees in the orchard”
e5“Parasitoid mortality from 1‐ to 3‐day‐old residues averaged 90–96% for imidacloprid”
e1“In the topical application, imidacloprid was 8× more toxic to T. radiata than dimethoate and fenpropathrin”
Claim · model-written summary
Fenpropathrin residues caused 83–94% parasitoid mortality at 1 to 3 days after spraying.
- Treatment
- fenpropathrine6
- Interactor
- T. radiataTamarixia radiatae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Parasitoid mortalitye6
- Value
- 83–94%e6
- Qualifier
- 1‐ to 3‐day‐old residuese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“of sprays on citrus trees in the orchard”
e6“Parasitoid mortality from 1‐ to 3‐day‐old residues averaged 90–96% for imidacloprid, 83–94% for fenpropathrin”
e1“In the topical application, imidacloprid was 8× more toxic to T. radiata than dimethoate and fenpropathrin”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrethrin residues caused 38–77% parasitoid mortality at 1 to 3 days after spraying.
- Treatment
- pyrethrine7
- Interactor
- T. radiataTamarixia radiatae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Parasitoid mortalitye7
- Value
- 38–77%e7
- Qualifier
- 1‐ to 3‐day‐old residuese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“of sprays on citrus trees in the orchard”
e7“Parasitoid mortality from 1‐ to 3‐day‐old residues averaged 90–96% for imidacloprid, 83–94% for fenpropathrin, 38–77% for pyrethrin”
e1“In the topical application, imidacloprid was 8× more toxic to T. radiata than dimethoate and fenpropathrin”
Claim · model-written summary
Horticultural mineral oil residues caused 43–44% parasitoid mortality at 1 to 3 days after spraying.
- Treatment
- HMOe6
- Interactor
- T. radiataTamarixia radiatae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Parasitoid mortalitye6
- Value
- 43–44%e6
- Qualifier
- 1‐ to 3‐day‐old residuese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“of sprays on citrus trees in the orchard”
e6“Parasitoid mortality from 1‐ to 3‐day‐old residues averaged 90–96% for imidacloprid, 83–94% for fenpropathrin, 38–77% for pyrethrin, 43–44% for HMO”
e1“In the topical application, imidacloprid was 8× more toxic to T. radiata than dimethoate and fenpropathrin”
Claim · model-written summary
Spirotetramat residues caused 17–33% parasitoid mortality at 1 to 3 days after spraying.
- Treatment
- spirotetramate7
- Interactor
- T. radiataTamarixia radiatae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Parasitoid mortalitye7
- Value
- 17–33%e7
- Qualifier
- 1‐ to 3‐day‐old residuese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“of sprays on citrus trees in the orchard”
e7“Parasitoid mortality from 1‐ to 3‐day‐old residues averaged 90–96% for imidacloprid, 83–94% for fenpropathrin, 38–77% for pyrethrin, 43–44% for HMO, and 17–33% for spirotetramat”
e1“In the topical application, imidacloprid was 8× more toxic to T. radiata than dimethoate and fenpropathrin”
Claim · model-written summary
Fenpropathrin reduced parasitism by surviving females by 71–88% compared with untreated females.
- Treatment
- fenpropathrine3
- Interactor
- T. radiataTamarixia radiatae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Parasitisme3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 71–88%e3
- Comparator
- untreated femalese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“of sprays on citrus trees in the orchard”
e3“Parasitism by females that survived insecticide exposure was reduced by 71–88% from fenpropathrin, 28–59% from pyrethrin, 31–55% from imidacloprid, 44–4% from spirotetramat, and 39–11% from HMO compared to untreated females”
e1“In the topical application, imidacloprid was 8× more toxic to T. radiata than dimethoate and fenpropathrin”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrethrin reduced parasitism by surviving females by 28–59% compared with untreated females.
- Treatment
- pyrethrine3
- Interactor
- T. radiataTamarixia radiatae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Parasitisme3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 28–59%e3
- Comparator
- untreated femalese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“of sprays on citrus trees in the orchard”
e3“Parasitism by females that survived insecticide exposure was reduced by 71–88% from fenpropathrin, 28–59% from pyrethrin, 31–55% from imidacloprid, 44–4% from spirotetramat, and 39–11% from HMO compared to untreated females”
e1“In the topical application, imidacloprid was 8× more toxic to T. radiata than dimethoate and fenpropathrin”
Claim · model-written summary
Imidacloprid reduced parasitism by surviving females by 31–55% compared with untreated females.
- Treatment
- imidaclopride3
- Interactor
- T. radiataTamarixia radiatae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Parasitisme3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 31–55%e3
- Comparator
- untreated femalese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“of sprays on citrus trees in the orchard”
e3“Parasitism by females that survived insecticide exposure was reduced by 71–88% from fenpropathrin, 28–59% from pyrethrin, 31–55% from imidacloprid, 44–4% from spirotetramat, and 39–11% from HMO compared to untreated females”
e1“In the topical application, imidacloprid was 8× more toxic to T. radiata than dimethoate and fenpropathrin”
Claim · model-written summary
Spirotetramat reduced parasitism by surviving females by 44–4% compared with untreated females.
- Treatment
- spirotetramate3
- Interactor
- T. radiataTamarixia radiatae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Parasitisme3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 44–4%e3
- Comparator
- untreated femalese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“of sprays on citrus trees in the orchard”
e3“Parasitism by females that survived insecticide exposure was reduced by 71–88% from fenpropathrin, 28–59% from pyrethrin, 31–55% from imidacloprid, 44–4% from spirotetramat, and 39–11% from HMO compared to untreated females”
e1“In the topical application, imidacloprid was 8× more toxic to T. radiata than dimethoate and fenpropathrin”
Claim · model-written summary
Horticultural mineral oil reduced parasitism by surviving females by 39–11% compared with untreated females.
- Treatment
- HMOe3
- Interactor
- T. radiataTamarixia radiatae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Parasitisme3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 39–11%e3
- Comparator
- untreated femalese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“of sprays on citrus trees in the orchard”
e3“Parasitism by females that survived insecticide exposure was reduced by 71–88% from fenpropathrin, 28–59% from pyrethrin, 31–55% from imidacloprid, 44–4% from spirotetramat, and 39–11% from HMO compared to untreated females”
e1“In the topical application, imidacloprid was 8× more toxic to T. radiata than dimethoate and fenpropathrin”
Claim · model-written summary
Lethal and sublethal effects of all insecticides on T. radiata were significantly reduced at 7 days after application.
- Treatment
- all insecticidese3
- Interactor
- T. radiataTamarixia radiatae3biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- lethal and sublethal effectse3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Qualifier
- at 7 DAAe3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“of sprays on citrus trees in the orchard”
e3“The lethal and sublethal effects of all insecticides on T. radiata were significantly reduced at 7 DAA”
Claim · model-written summary
Releases of T. radiata made a week or more after spraying are suggested to have lower impact on its establishment and performance.
- Outcome
- releases are made after a week from spray applicatione3
- Qualifier
- a lower impact on its establishment and performancee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“of sprays on citrus trees in the orchard”
e3“suggesting a lower impact on its establishment and performance if releases are made after a week from spray application”
The same questions in other papers
imidacloprid · Tamarixia radiata · CitrusResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.