Abstract
The size and structure of panicles are important factors which contribute to both yield and quality of rice. Changes in the paniclerelated traits by elevated temperature were studied using 40 rice varieties including 27 japonica and 13 Tongil-types (derived from indica-japonica crosses). Tongil-type rices showed larger sink size than japonica either in ambient and high temperature conditions, mainly due to the higher number of secondary rachis-branches (SRBs) and spikelets on SRBs per panicle, which showed highly positive correlations (>0.95) with the numbers of spikelets and rachis-branches per panicle. On the other hand, percentages of ripened grains and head rice (%) were significantly higher in japonica than in Tongil-type under both conditions. Under high temperature, Tongil-type showed significant increase in the numbers of spikelets, rachis-branches, SRBs and spikelets on SRBs per panicle, while japonica did not show any significant change in sink size. However, the percentages of ripened grains and head rice were significantly reduced by high temperature in both ecotypes. While the decrease in ripened grains percentage was higher in Tongiltype, head rice percentage reduced more in japonica than in Tongil-type. For both ecotypes of rice, the percentage of ripened grains was higher in primary rachis-branches (PRBs) than in SRBs in ambient and high temperature conditions. Moreover, the decrease in the ripened grains percentage by temperature rise was higher in SRBs than PRBs. Therefore, it would be desirable to breed varieties with increased number of PRBs rather than SRBs to minimize the negative impact of warmer climate on the ripening of rice grains.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Tongil-type rice showed a larger sink size than japonica under both ambient and high temperature conditions.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- Tongil-type ricese1
- Outcome
- sink sizee1
- Direction
- largere1
- Qualifier
- either in ambient and high temperature conditionse1
- Comparator
- japonicae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“different rice varieties under high temperature condition”
e1“Tongil-type rices showed larger sink size than japonica either in ambient and high temperature conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The larger sink size of Tongil-type rice is mainly due to its higher number of secondary rachis-branches and spikelets on SRBs per panicle.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Tongil-type ricese1
- Outcome
- sink sizee1
- Qualifier
- mainly due to the higher number of secondary rachis-branches (SRBs) and spikelets on SRBs per paniclee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“different rice varieties under high temperature condition”
e1“Tongil-type rices showed larger sink size than japonica either in ambient and high temperature conditions”
e2“mainly due to the higher number of secondary rachis-branches (SRBs) and spikelets on SRBs per panicle”
Claim · model-written summary
Tongil-type rice had a higher number of secondary rachis-branches and spikelets on SRBs per panicle than japonica.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Tongil-type ricese1
- Outcome
- number of secondary rachis-branches (SRBs) and spikelets on SRBs per paniclee2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- japonicae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“different rice varieties under high temperature condition”
e1“Tongil-type rices showed larger sink size than japonica either in ambient and high temperature conditions”
e2“mainly due to the higher number of secondary rachis-branches (SRBs) and spikelets on SRBs per panicle”
Claim · model-written summary
The number of spikelets and rachis-branches per panicle was highly positively correlated with the number of SRBs and spikelets on SRBs per panicle (r above 0.95).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- secondary rachis-branches (SRBs)e1
- Outcome
- numbers of spikelets and rachis-branches per paniclee1
- Direction
- positivee1
- Value
- >0.95e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“different rice varieties under high temperature condition”
e1“higher number of secondary rachis-branches (SRBs) and spikelets on SRBs per panicle, which showed highly positive correlations (>0.95) with the numbers of spikelets and rachis-branches per panicle”
Claim · model-written summary
Tongil-type rice had a higher percentage of ripened grains and head rice than japonica under both conditions.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- japonicae1
- Outcome
- percentages of ripened grains and head rice (%)e1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- under both conditionse1
- Comparator
- Tongil-typee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“different rice varieties under high temperature condition”
e1“percentages of ripened grains and head rice (%) were significantly higher in japonica than in Tongil-type under both conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Under high temperature, Tongil-type rice showed a significant increase in the numbers of spikelets, rachis-branches and SRBs per panicle.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Tongil-typee1
- Treatment
- high temperaturee1
- Outcome
- numbers of spikelets, rachis-branches, SRBse1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“different rice varieties under high temperature condition”
e1“Under high temperature, Tongil-type showed significant increase in the numbers of spikelets, rachis-branches, SRBs and spikelets on SRBs per panicle, while japonica did not show any significant change in sink size”
Claim · model-written summary
Under high temperature, Tongil-type rice showed a significant increase in the number of spikelets on SRBs per panicle.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Tongil-typee1
- Treatment
- high temperaturee1
- Outcome
- spikelets on SRBs per paniclee1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“different rice varieties under high temperature condition”
e1“Under high temperature, Tongil-type showed significant increase in the numbers of spikelets, rachis-branches, SRBs and spikelets on SRBs per panicle, while japonica did not show any significant change in sink size”
Claim · model-written summary
Under high temperature, japonica rice showed no significant change in sink size.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- japonicae1
- Treatment
- high temperaturee1
- Outcome
- sink sizee1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“different rice varieties under high temperature condition”
e1“Under high temperature, Tongil-type showed significant increase in the numbers of spikelets, rachis-branches, SRBs and spikelets on SRBs per panicle, while japonica did not show any significant change in sink size”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature significantly reduced the percentages of ripened grains and head rice in both ecotypes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- high temperaturee1
- Outcome
- percentages of ripened grains and head ricee1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“different rice varieties under high temperature condition”
e1“However, the percentages of ripened grains and head rice were significantly reduced by high temperature in both ecotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
The decrease in ripened grain percentage under high temperature was larger in Tongil-type rice than in japonica.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Tongiltypee1
- Outcome
- decrease in ripened grains percentagee1
- Direction
- highere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“different rice varieties under high temperature condition”
e1“While the decrease in ripened grains percentage was higher in Tongiltype, head rice percentage reduced more in japonica than in Tongil-type”
Claim · model-written summary
Under high temperature, head rice percentage was reduced more in japonica than in Tongil-type rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- japonicae1
- Outcome
- head rice percentagee1
- Direction
- reduced moree1
- Comparator
- Tongil-typee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“different rice varieties under high temperature condition”
e1“While the decrease in ripened grains percentage was higher in Tongiltype, head rice percentage reduced more in japonica than in Tongil-type”
Claim · model-written summary
In both ecotypes, the percentage of ripened grains was higher in primary rachis-branches than in SRBs under ambient and high temperature conditions.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- primary rachis-branches (PRBs)e1
- Outcome
- percentage of ripened grainse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- in ambient and high temperature conditionse1
- Comparator
- SRBse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“For both ecotypes of rice, the percentage of ripened grains was higher in primary rachis-branches (PRBs) than in SRBs in ambient and high temperature conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Under temperature rise, the decrease in ripened grain percentage was larger in SRBs than in PRBs.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- SRBse1
- Treatment
- temperature risee1
- Outcome
- decrease in the ripened grains percentagee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- PRBse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“different rice varieties under high temperature condition”
e1“Moreover, the decrease in the ripened grains percentage by temperature rise was higher in SRBs than PRBs”
Claim · model-written summary
Breeding rice varieties with an increased number of PRBs rather than SRBs would be desirable to minimize the negative impact of warmer climate on grain ripening.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- number of PRBse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- to minimize the negative impact of warmer climate on the ripening of rice grainse1
- Comparator
- SRBse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Therefore, it would be desirable to breed varieties with increased number of PRBs rather than SRBs to minimize the negative impact of warmer climate on the ripening of rice grains”
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