Abstract
The practices of stubble mulching and water injection were tested to determine what extension of crop sowing time they provided during dry weather at four sites on the Darling Downs, Queensland (Acland, Toowoomba, Moola and Dalby). Crops tested were wheat, sunflower, sorghum and maize. Crop residues (wheat, barley and sorghum) retained on the soil surface as mulches reduced soil water loss from the seedbed after prolonged soil drying. This resulted in a lower rainfall requirement to refill a mulched seedbed, despite some absorption of rainfall by the mulch itself. A lower rainfall requirement could make sowing possible on a mulched but not an unmulched seedbed, given a suitably marginal sowing rain. Higher soil water contents under mulch increased seedling emergence of wheat, sunflower, sorghum and maize after prolonged soil drying. This effectively extended sowing time. On the assumption that sowing time was the period that resulted in crop emergence > 50%, extensions of sowing time were determined from graphs of emergence vs time. For example, about 2000 kg/ha of wheat stubble at Acland extended the sowing time of sunflower (6 cm deep) by 4.0 d. Water injection at 60 ml/m extended sorghum, sunflower and maize sowing time by up to 2.5 d in dry soil but reduced sowing time of these three crops at high soil water levels (under mulch). It was concluded that the additional periods of sowing time obtained during dry weather from stubble mulching or water injection could help distribute the peak demand for labour during sowing operations more evenly.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Surface crop residue mulch reduced soil water loss after prolonged drying.
- Taxon
- wheat, sunflower, sorghum and maize
Helianthus annuus
Sorghum
Triticum aestivum
Zea mayse1 - Treatment
- Crop residues (wheat, barley and sorghum) retained on the soil surface as mulchese0
- Outcome
- soil water loss from the seedbede0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crop residues (wheat, barley and sorghum) retained on the soil surface as mulches reduced soil water loss from the seedbed after prolonged soil drying.”
e1“Crops tested were wheat, sunflower, sorghum and maize.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulch lowered rainfall required to refill a seedbed.
- Taxon
- wheat, sunflower, sorghum and maizeHelianthus annuusSorghumTriticum aestivumZea mayse1
- Treatment
- mulched seedbede0
- Outcome
- rainfall requiremente0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- unmulched seedbede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a lower rainfall requirement to refill a mulched seedbed”
e1“Crops tested were wheat, sunflower, sorghum and maize.”
e2“an unmulched seedbed”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulching increased wheat seedling emergence after prolonged drying.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- mulche0
- Outcome
- seedling emergencee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher soil water contents under mulch increased seedling emergence of wheat, sunflower, sorghum and maize after prolonged soil drying.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulching increased sunflower seedling emergence after prolonged drying.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- mulche0
- Outcome
- seedling emergencee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher soil water contents under mulch increased seedling emergence of wheat, sunflower, sorghum and maize after prolonged soil drying.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulching increased sorghum seedling emergence after prolonged drying.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher soil water contents under mulch increased seedling emergence of wheat, sunflower, sorghum and maize after prolonged soil drying.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulching increased maize seedling emergence after prolonged drying.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher soil water contents under mulch increased seedling emergence of wheat, sunflower, sorghum and maize after prolonged soil drying.”
Claim · model-written summary
About 2000 kg/ha wheat stubble extended sunflower sowing time by 4.0 d at Acland.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- about 2000 kg/ha of wheat stubblee0
- Outcome
- sowing timee0
- Direction
- extendede0
- Value
- 4.0 de0
- Qualifier
- 6 cm deepe0
- Setting
- Aclande0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“about 2000 kg/ha of wheat stubble at Acland extended the sowing time of sunflower (6 cm deep) by 4.0 d.”
Claim · model-written summary
Water injection extended sorghum sowing time up to 2.5 d in dry soil.
- Treatment
- Water injection at 60 ml/me0
- Outcome
- sowing timee0
- Direction
- extendede0
- Value
- up to 2.5 de0
- Qualifier
- in dry soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water injection at 60 ml/m extended sorghum, sunflower and maize sowing time by up to 2.5 d in dry soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Water injection extended sunflower sowing time up to 2.5 d in dry soil.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- Water injection at 60 ml/me0
- Outcome
- sowing timee0
- Direction
- extendede0
- Value
- up to 2.5 de0
- Qualifier
- in dry soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water injection at 60 ml/m extended sorghum, sunflower and maize sowing time by up to 2.5 d in dry soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Water injection extended maize sowing time up to 2.5 d in dry soil.
- Treatment
- Water injection at 60 ml/me0
- Outcome
- sowing timee0
- Direction
- extendede0
- Value
- up to 2.5 de0
- Qualifier
- in dry soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water injection at 60 ml/m extended sorghum, sunflower and maize sowing time by up to 2.5 d in dry soil”
Claim · model-written summary
At high soil water under mulch, water injection reduced sowing time of sorghum.
- Treatment
- Water injection at 60 ml/me0
- Outcome
- sowing timee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- at high soil water levels (under mulch)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water injection at 60 ml/m extended sorghum, sunflower and maize sowing time by up to 2.5 d in dry soil but reduced sowing time of these three crops at high soil water levels (under mulch).”
Claim · model-written summary
At high soil water under mulch, water injection reduced sowing time of sunflower.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- Water injection at 60 ml/me0
- Outcome
- sowing timee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- at high soil water levels (under mulch)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water injection at 60 ml/m extended sorghum, sunflower and maize sowing time by up to 2.5 d in dry soil but reduced sowing time of these three crops at high soil water levels (under mulch).”
Claim · model-written summary
At high soil water under mulch, water injection reduced sowing time of maize.
- Treatment
- Water injection at 60 ml/me0
- Outcome
- sowing timee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- at high soil water levels (under mulch)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water injection at 60 ml/m extended sorghum, sunflower and maize sowing time by up to 2.5 d in dry soil but reduced sowing time of these three crops at high soil water levels (under mulch).”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional sowing time from mulch or injection could distribute peak sowing labor demand more evenly.
- Taxon
- wheat, sunflower, sorghum and maizeHelianthus annuusSorghumTriticum aestivumZea mayse1
- Outcome
- distribute the peak demand for labour during sowing operations more evenlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the additional periods of sowing time obtained during dry weather from stubble mulching or water injection could help distribute the peak demand for labour during sowing operations more evenly”
e1“Crops tested were wheat, sunflower, sorghum and maize.”
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See all 116 papers →8 of 14 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.