Abstract
Since 1943 numerous multifactorial field experiments have been concerned with the development of methods for selective weed control in a variety of crops. Between 1943 and 1947 simultaneous comparisons have been made as to the relative effectiveness of sulphuric acid, cupric chloride, dinitro-o-cresol and the two growth-regulating substances—2-methy1-4-chloro -phenoxyacetic acid and 2:4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid—when applied as sprays (100 gal./acre) for the destruction of annual weeds in winter wheat. There is a highly specific relationship between the weed species and the potential toxicity of any one compound. For the eradication of Ranunculus arvẹnsis and Scandix pecten-veneris , the two growth-regulating substances, as the sodium salts, are greatly superior, but for other species, such as Galium aparine , they.are wholly ineffective or only partially effective, e.g. Matricaria chamomilla . For Papaver rhoeas and Fumaria officinalis in the young seedling stage, sodium methyl-chloro-phenoxyacetate and ammonium dinitro-o-cresylate are equally toxic, while the indications are that Matricaria chamomilla and Centaurea cyanus are best killed with sulphuric acid or ammonium dinitro-o-cresylate. All these species are resistant or partially resistant to cupric chloride. As a result of weed eradication, increases in grain yield ranging from 6 to 113% have been recorded, and over the twelve experiments the average increase for the most appropriate treatment was 23%. At the concentrations employed for sulphuric acid (max. 18.4%) ammonium dinitro-o-cresylate (max. 1.1%) and cupric chloride (max. 4.0%) direct injury to the wheat, resulting in a loss in yield, has not been found when spraying is carried out in the active tillering stage. When spraying is unduly delayed, the yield depressions may be very considerable, more particularly with cupric chloride and sulphuric acid. With the growth regulating substances, the results of two experiments indicated that the greatest selectivity is obtained when the concentration does not exceed 0.2-0.3% (2–3 lb./acre), but in the remaining trials no injury was observed up to a maximum concentration of 0.5%. In none of the trials was the formation of abnormal ears noted. When mixtures of sodium methyl-chloro-phenoxy-acetate and dinitro-o-cresol are employed,. no significant interaction on crop yield has been found.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide toxicity depended strongly on weed species.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Interactor
- weed speciese0weed
- Outcome
- potential toxicitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“highly specific relationship between the weed species and the potential toxicity of any one compound”
Claim · model-written summary
The two growth-regulating substances were superior for eradicating Ranunculus arvensis and Scandix pecten-veneris.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the two growth-regulating substancese0
- Interactor
- Ranunculus arvẹnsise0weed
- Outcome
- eradicatione0
- Direction
- greatly superiore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“For the eradication of Ranunculus arvẹnsis and Scandix pecten-veneris , the two growth-regulating substances, as the sodium salts, are greatly superior”
Claim · model-written summary
The growth-regulating substances were ineffective against Galium aparine.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Galium aparine
Galium aparinee0weed - Outcome
- Galium aparinee0
- Direction
- wholly ineffectivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“Galium aparine , they.are wholly ineffective”
Claim · model-written summary
The growth-regulating substances were only partially effective against Matricaria chamomilla.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Matricaria chamomilla
Matricaria chamomillae0weed - Outcome
- Matricaria chamomillae0
- Direction
- only partially effectivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“only partially effective, e.g. Matricaria chamomilla”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium methyl-chloro-phenoxyacetate and ammonium dinitro-o-cresylate were equally toxic to young Papaver rhoeas and Fumaria officinalis.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Papaver rhoeas
Papaver rhoease0weed - Outcome
- equally toxice0
- Qualifier
- young seedling stagee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“For Papaver rhoeas and Fumaria officinalis in the young seedling stage, sodium methyl-chloro-phenoxyacetate and ammonium dinitro-o-cresylate are equally toxic”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphuric acid or ammonium dinitro-o-cresylate best killed Matricaria chamomilla and Centaurea cyanus.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Matricaria chamomillaMatricaria chamomillae0weed
- Outcome
- best killede0
- Direction
- best killede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“Matricaria chamomilla and Centaurea cyanus are best killed with sulphuric acid or ammonium dinitro-o-cresylate”
Claim · model-written summary
The listed weed species were resistant or partly resistant to cupric chloride.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- cupric chloridee0
- Interactor
- these speciese0weed
- Outcome
- resistant or partially resistante0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“All these species are resistant or partially resistant to cupric chloride”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed eradication increased wheat grain yield by 6 to 113%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- weed eradicatione0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 6 to 113%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“As a result of weed eradication, increases in grain yield ranging from 6 to 113% have been recorded”
Claim · model-written summary
Across twelve experiments the most appropriate treatment increased yield by 23% on average.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- most appropriate treatmente0
- Outcome
- average increasee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 23%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“over the twelve experiments the average increase for the most appropriate treatment was 23%”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying during active tillering did not cause direct wheat injury or yield loss at the tested sulphuric acid, ammonium dinitro-o-cresylate, and cupric chloride concentrations.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sulphuric acide0
- Outcome
- direct injury to the wheate0
- Direction
- has not been founde0
- Qualifier
- active tillering stagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“At the concentrations employed for sulphuric acid (max. 18.4%) ammonium dinitro-o-cresylate (max. 1.1%) and cupric chloride (max. 4.0%) direct injury to the wheat, resulting in a loss in yield, has not been found when spraying is carried out in the active tillering stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed spraying caused considerable yield depressions, especially with cupric chloride and sulphuric acid.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sprayinge0
- Outcome
- yield depressionse0
- Direction
- depressionse0
- Qualifier
- unduly delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“When spraying is unduly delayed, the yield depressions may be very considerable, more particularly with cupric chloride and sulphuric acid”
Claim · model-written summary
Two experiments indicated greatest selectivity of growth regulators at concentrations no higher than 0.2-0.3%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- greatest selectivitye0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 0.2-0.3%e0
- Qualifier
- two experimentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“results of two experiments indicated that the greatest selectivity is obtained when the concentration does not exceed 0.2-0.3% (2–3 lb./acre)”
Claim · model-written summary
Other trials observed no wheat injury up to 0.5% growth regulator concentration.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- no injurye0
- Direction
- no injurye0
- Value
- 0.5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“in the remaining trials no injury was observed up to a maximum concentration of 0.5%”
Claim · model-written summary
No trials noted abnormal wheat ears.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- formation of abnormal earse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“In none of the trials was the formation of abnormal ears noted”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixtures of sodium methyl-chloro-phenoxy-acetate and dinitro-o-cresol had no significant interaction on crop yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- mixtures of sodium methyl-chloro-phenoxy-acetate and dinitro-o-cresole0
- Outcome
- crop yielde0
- Direction
- no significant interactione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“When mixtures of sodium methyl-chloro-phenoxy-acetate and dinitro-o-cresol are employed,. no significant interaction on crop yield has been found”
The same questions in other papers
sodium atom · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →sulfuric acid · crop injury · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.