Abstract
Network robustness is a crucial property of the plant immune signaling network because pathogens are under a strong selection pressure to perturb plant network components to dampen plant immune responses. Nevertheless, modulation of network robustness is an area of network biology that has rarely been explored. While two modes of plant immunity, Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI) and Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI), extensively share signaling machinery, the network output is much more robust against perturbations during ETI than PTI, suggesting modulation of network robustness. Here, we report a molecular mechanism underlying the modulation of the network robustness in Arabidopsis thaliana. The salicylic acid (SA) signaling sector regulates a major portion of the plant immune response and is important in immunity against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens. In Arabidopsis, SA signaling was required for the proper regulation of the vast majority of SA-responsive genes during PTI. However, during ETI, regulation of most SA-responsive genes, including the canonical SA marker gene PR1, could be controlled by SA-independent mechanisms as well as by SA. The activation of the two immune-related MAPKs, MPK3 and MPK6, persisted for several hours during ETI but less than one hour during PTI. Sustained MAPK activation was sufficient to confer SA-independent regulation of most SA-responsive genes. Furthermore, the MPK3 and SA signaling sectors were compensatory to each other for inhibition of bacterial growth as well as for PR1 expression during ETI. These results indicate that the duration of the MAPK activation is a critical determinant for modulation of robustness of the immune signaling network. Our findings with the plant immune signaling network imply that the robustness level of a biological network can be modulated by the activities of network components.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid signaling was needed to properly regulate most salicylic acid responsive genes during PTI.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Compound
- SAe0
- Outcome
- proper regulation of the vast majority of SA-responsive genese0
- Qualifier
- during PTIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Arabidopsis, SA signaling was required for the proper regulation of the vast majority of SA-responsive genes during PTI.”
Claim · model-written summary
During ETI, most SA responsive genes could be regulated through SA independent mechanisms as well as SA.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Compound
- SAe0
- Outcome
- regulation of most SA-responsive genese0
- Qualifier
- during ETIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“during ETI, regulation of most SA-responsive genes, including the canonical SA marker gene PR1, could be controlled by SA-independent mechanisms as well as by SA.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
MAPK activation lasted several hours during ETI but less than one hour during PTI.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- MPK3 and MPK6e0
- Outcome
- activation of the two immune-related MAPKse0
- Value
- several hourse0
- Qualifier
- less than one hour during PTIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activation of the two immune-related MAPKs, MPK3 and MPK6, persisted for several hours during ETI but less than one hour during PTI.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Sustained MAPK activation enabled SA independent regulation of most SA responsive genes.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Compound
- SAe0
- Outcome
- SA-independent regulation of most SA-responsive genese0
- Qualifier
- Sustained MAPK activatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sustained MAPK activation was sufficient to confer SA-independent regulation of most SA-responsive genes.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
MPK3 and SA signaling compensated for each other in suppressing bacterial growth during ETI.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- MPK3e0
- Compound
- SAe0
- Outcome
- inhibition of bacterial growthe0
- Qualifier
- during ETIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the MPK3 and SA signaling sectors were compensatory to each other for inhibition of bacterial growth as well as for PR1 expression during ETI.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
MPK3 and SA signaling compensated for each other in PR1 expression during ETI.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- MPK3e0
- Compound
- SAe0
- Outcome
- PR1 expressione0
- Qualifier
- during ETIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the MPK3 and SA signaling sectors were compensatory to each other for inhibition of bacterial growth as well as for PR1 expression during ETI.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
MAPK activation duration determined immune network robustness.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- robustness of the immune signaling networke0
- Qualifier
- duration of the MAPK activatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the duration of the MAPK activation is a critical determinant for modulation of robustness of the immune signaling network.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”