Abstract
Afrothismia winkleri develops fleshy rhizomes, densely covered with small root tubercles, narrowing to filiform roots with age. The exclusively intracellular mycorrhizal fungus has distinct morphologies in different tissues of the plant. In the filiform root the hyphae grow straight and vesicles are borne on short hyphal stalks. The straight hyphae are present in the epidermis of the root tubercles, but change to loosely coiled and swollen hyphae in the rhizome tissue. No penetration from epidermis to root cortex was found. From the rhizome, a separating cell layer permits only one or rarely two hyphal penetrations into the cortex of each root tubercle. The hyphae proceed apically within the root hypodermis in a spiral row of distinctively coiled hyphae, branches of which colonize the inner root cortex. In the inner root cortex the hyphal coils degenerate to amorphous clumps. In older roots the cortex itself also deteriorates, but epidermis, hypodermis, endodermis and central cylinder persist. The mycorrhizal pattern in A. winkleri is interpreted as an elaborate exploitation system whereby the fungus provides carbon and nutrients to the plant and, simultaneously but spatially distinct, its hyphae are used to translocate and store the matter within the plant. Several features indicate that the endophyte is an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Afrothismia winkleri forms fleshy rhizomes with root tubercles that narrow into filiform roots with age.
- Taxon
- Afrothismia winkleriAfrothismia winklerie0
- Outcome
- fleshy rhizomes, densely covered with small root tubercles, narrowing to filiform roots with agee0
Verbatim
e0“Afrothismia winkleri develops fleshy rhizomes, densely covered with small root tubercles, narrowing to filiform roots with age.”
Claim · model-written summary
The intracellular mycorrhizal fungus has distinct morphologies across plant tissues.
- Taxon
- Afrothismia winkleriAfrothismia winklerit0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizal funguse0symbiont
- Outcome
- distinct morphologies in different tissues of the plante0
Verbatim
t0“Afrothismia winkleri”
e0“The exclusively intracellular mycorrhizal fungus has distinct morphologies in different tissues of the plant.”
Claim · model-written summary
In filiform roots, fungal hyphae grow straight and vesicles occur on short stalks.
- Taxon
- Afrothismia winkleriAfrothismia winklerit0
- Organ / stage
- filiform roote0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizal funguse1symbiont
- Outcome
- hyphae grow straight and vesicles are borne on short hyphal stalkse0
Verbatim
t0“Afrothismia winkleri”
e0“In the filiform root the hyphae grow straight and vesicles are borne on short hyphal stalks.”
e1“The exclusively intracellular mycorrhizal fungus”
Claim · model-written summary
Hyphae are straight in root-tubercle epidermis and loosely coiled and swollen in rhizome tissue.
- Taxon
- Afrothismia winkleriAfrothismia winklerit0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizal funguse1symbiont
- Outcome
- straight hyphae are present in the epidermis of the root tubercles, but change to loosely coiled and swollen hyphae in the rhizome tissuee0
Verbatim
t0“Afrothismia winkleri”
e0“The straight hyphae are present in the epidermis of the root tubercles, but change to loosely coiled and swollen hyphae in the rhizome tissue.”
e1“The exclusively intracellular mycorrhizal fungus”
Claim · model-written summary
No fungal penetration from epidermis to root cortex was found.
- Taxon
- Afrothismia winkleriAfrothismia winklerit0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizal funguse1symbiont
- Outcome
- No penetration from epidermis to root cortexe0
Verbatim
t0“Afrothismia winkleri”
e0“No penetration from epidermis to root cortex was found.”
e1“The exclusively intracellular mycorrhizal fungus”
Claim · model-written summary
A separating rhizome cell layer allows only one or rarely two hyphal penetrations into each root-tubercle cortex.
- Taxon
- Afrothismia winkleriAfrothismia winklerit0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizal funguse1symbiont
- Outcome
- one or rarely two hyphal penetrations into the cortex of each root tuberclee0
- Value
- one or rarely twoe0
Verbatim
t0“Afrothismia winkleri”
e0“From the rhizome, a separating cell layer permits only one or rarely two hyphal penetrations into the cortex of each root tubercle.”
e1“The exclusively intracellular mycorrhizal fungus”
Claim · model-written summary
Hyphae advance apically in root hypodermis as coiled spirals whose branches colonize inner cortex.
- Taxon
- Afrothismia winkleriAfrothismia winklerit0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizal funguse1symbiont
- Outcome
- hyphae proceed apically within the root hypodermis in a spiral row of distinctively coiled hyphae, branches of which colonize the inner root cortexe0
Verbatim
t0“Afrothismia winkleri”
e0“The hyphae proceed apically within the root hypodermis in a spiral row of distinctively coiled hyphae, branches of which colonize the inner root cortex.”
e1“The exclusively intracellular mycorrhizal fungus”
Claim · model-written summary
Hyphal coils degenerate into amorphous clumps in the inner root cortex.
- Taxon
- Afrothismia winkleriAfrothismia winklerit0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizal funguse1symbiont
- Outcome
- hyphal coils degenerate to amorphous clumpse0
Verbatim
t0“Afrothismia winkleri”
e0“In the inner root cortex the hyphal coils degenerate to amorphous clumps.”
e1“The exclusively intracellular mycorrhizal fungus”
Claim · model-written summary
Older root cortex deteriorates while other named root layers persist.
- Taxon
- Afrothismia winkleriAfrothismia winklerit0
- Organ / stage
- older rootse0
- Outcome
- cortex itself also deteriorates, but epidermis, hypodermis, endodermis and central cylinder persiste0
Verbatim
e0“In older roots the cortex itself also deteriorates, but epidermis, hypodermis, endodermis and central cylinder persist.”
t0“Afrothismia winkleri”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors interpret the mycorrhizal pattern as a fungus supplying and translocating carbon and nutrients in the plant.
- Taxon
- Afrothismia winkleriAfrothismia winklerit0
- Interactor
- funguse0symbiont
- Outcome
- fungus provides carbon and nutrients to the plante0
- Qualifier
- its hyphae are used to translocate and store the matter within the plante0
Verbatim
t0“Afrothismia winkleri”
e0“The mycorrhizal pattern in A. winkleri is interpreted as an elaborate exploitation system whereby the fungus provides carbon and nutrients to the plant and, simultaneously but spatially distinct, its hyphae are used to translocate and store the matter within the plant.”
Claim · model-written summary
Several features indicate that the endophyte is an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus.
- Taxon
- Afrothismia winkleriAfrothismia winklerit0
- Interactor
- endophytee0symbiont
- Outcome
- endophyte is an arbuscular mycorrhizal funguse0
Verbatim
t0“Afrothismia winkleri”
e0“Several features indicate that the endophyte is an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus.”