Abstract
Ranunculus, grown as a field crop in southern and central coastal California, is highly valued in the cut flower and tuberous root markets. However, concerns regarding the sustainability of ranunculus cultivation have arisen when the plantations are irrigated with waters of marginal quality because the viability of the tuberous roots may be compromised. A study was initiated to evaluate the effect of saline irrigation waters, with and without pH control, on the growth of plants and tuberous roots of ranunculus. Treatments consisted of four irrigation water solutions with increasing concentration of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , SO 4 2− , and Cl − to meet an electrical conductivity (EC) of 2, 3, 4, and 6 dS·m −1 and pH 6.4. The 3, 4, and 6 dS·m −1 solutions were replicated with uncontrolled pH, which averaged 7.8 over the trial. Ranunculus ‘Yellow ASD’ and ‘Pink CTD’ seedlings were transplanted into greenhouse sand tanks and irrigated twice daily with treatment solutions. Shoot dry weight of plants irrigated with 2 dS·m −1 solutions was 7.20 g and 6.66 g in ‘Yellow ASD’ and ‘Pink CTD’, respectively; however, increasing EC from 2 to 3 dS·m −1 induced an 83% and 78% decrease, respectively. Tuberous root fresh weight of control plants, 7.45 g and 8.42 g for ‘Yellow ASD’ and ‘Pink CDT’, respectively, was decreased by 82% and 89% when EC was 6 dS·m −1 . High pH of irrigation water caused an additional decrease in shoot dry weight and tuberous root weight. In control plants, 83% and 76% of tuberous roots of ‘Yellow ASD’ and ‘Pink CTD’, respectively, that were transplanted in the following season produced new shoots; however, tuberous roots sprouting percentage from plants irrigated with EC 4 dS·m −1 water decreased to 42.9% and 58.3% and to 11.1% and 45.0% with EC 6 dS·m −1 . The hypersensitivity of ranunculus to salinity was associated with a significant decrease in Ca 2+ and K + tissue concentration. In ‘Yellow ASD’, Ca 2+ decreased from 202 mmol·kg −1 in control plants to 130 mmol·kg −1 in plants irrigated with 3 dS·m −1 solutions and pH 6.4. In ‘Pink CTD’, the decrease was from 198 mmol·kg −1 to 166 mmol·kg −1 . Potassium was similarly affected. Compared with control plants (405 mmol·kg −1 ), shoot Na + concentration was increased by 101% in ‘Yellow ASD’ and by 125% in ‘Pink CTD’ when irrigated with 6 dS·m −1 water. Salt sensitivity of ranunculus, as determined by growth of the flowering stems and viability of the tuberous roots, was increased by irrigation with alkaline waters, which was associated with additional increases in Na + and Cl – tissue concentration and decreased iron accumulation. Hypersensitivity to salinity makes ranunculus crop a poor candidate for water reuse systems; however, further research is warranted to elucidate the possibility of enhancing its tolerance to salinity by supplemental Ca 2+ and K + and acidification of irrigation water.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Raising irrigation EC from 2 to 3 dS·m −1 decreased Yellow ASD shoot dry weight by 83%.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus asiaticus
Ranunculus asiaticust0 - Material
- Yellow ASDe0
- Treatment
- increasing EC from 2 to 3 dS·m −1e0
- Outcome
- Shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 83%e0
- Comparator
- 2 dS·m −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot dry weight of plants irrigated with 2 dS·m −1 solutions was 7.20 g and 6.66 g in ‘Yellow ASD’ and ‘Pink CTD’, respectively; however, increasing EC from 2 to 3 dS·m −1 induced an 83% and 78% decrease, respectively”
t0“Ranunculus asiaticus”
Claim · model-written summary
Raising irrigation EC from 2 to 3 dS·m −1 decreased Pink CTD shoot dry weight by 78%.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus asiaticusRanunculus asiaticust0
- Material
- Pink CTDe0
- Treatment
- increasing EC from 2 to 3 dS·m −1e0
- Outcome
- Shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 78%e0
- Comparator
- 2 dS·m −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot dry weight of plants irrigated with 2 dS·m −1 solutions was 7.20 g and 6.66 g in ‘Yellow ASD’ and ‘Pink CTD’, respectively; however, increasing EC from 2 to 3 dS·m −1 induced an 83% and 78% decrease, respectively”
t0“Ranunculus asiaticus”
Claim · model-written summary
At 6 dS·m −1, Yellow ASD tuberous root fresh weight fell by 82%.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus asiaticusRanunculus asiaticust0
- Material
- Yellow ASDe0
- Treatment
- EC was 6 dS·m −1e0
- Outcome
- Tuberous root fresh weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 82%e0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tuberous root fresh weight of control plants, 7.45 g and 8.42 g for ‘Yellow ASD’ and ‘Pink CDT’, respectively, was decreased by 82% and 89% when EC was 6 dS·m −1”
t0“Ranunculus asiaticus”
Claim · model-written summary
At 6 dS·m −1, Pink CDT tuberous root fresh weight fell by 89%.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus asiaticusRanunculus asiaticust0
- Material
- Pink CDTe0
- Treatment
- EC was 6 dS·m −1e0
- Outcome
- Tuberous root fresh weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 89%e0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tuberous root fresh weight of control plants, 7.45 g and 8.42 g for ‘Yellow ASD’ and ‘Pink CDT’, respectively, was decreased by 82% and 89% when EC was 6 dS·m −1”
t0“Ranunculus asiaticus”
Claim · model-written summary
High irrigation pH further reduced shoot dry weight and tuberous root weight.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus asiaticusRanunculus asiaticust0
- Treatment
- High pH of irrigation watere0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weight and tuberous root weighte0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High pH of irrigation water caused an additional decrease in shoot dry weight and tuberous root weight”
t0“Ranunculus asiaticus”
Claim · model-written summary
Yellow ASD root sprouting dropped from 83% in controls to 42.9% at EC 4 and 11.1% at EC 6.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus asiaticusRanunculus asiaticust0
- Material
- Yellow ASDe0
- Treatment
- EC 4 dS·m −1e0
- Outcome
- tuberous roots sprouting percentagee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 42.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“83% and 76% of tuberous roots of ‘Yellow ASD’ and ‘Pink CTD’, respectively, that were transplanted in the following season produced new shoots; however, tuberous roots sprouting percentage from plants irrigated with EC 4 dS·m −1 water decreased to 42.9% and 58.3% and to 11.1% and 45.0% with EC 6 dS·m −1”
t0“Ranunculus asiaticus”
Claim · model-written summary
Pink CTD root sprouting decreased to 58.3% at EC 4.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus asiaticusRanunculus asiaticust0
- Material
- Pink CTDe0
- Treatment
- EC 4 dS·m −1 watere0
- Outcome
- tuberous roots sprouting percentagee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 58.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“83% and 76% of tuberous roots of ‘Yellow ASD’ and ‘Pink CTD’, respectively, that were transplanted in the following season produced new shoots; however, tuberous roots sprouting percentage from plants irrigated with EC 4 dS·m −1 water decreased to 42.9% and 58.3%”
t0“Ranunculus asiaticus”
Claim · model-written summary
Yellow ASD root sprouting decreased to 11.1% at EC 6.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus asiaticusRanunculus asiaticust0
- Material
- Yellow ASDe0
- Treatment
- EC 6 dS·m −1e0
- Outcome
- tuberous roots sprouting percentagee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 11.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“83% and 76% of tuberous roots of ‘Yellow ASD’ and ‘Pink CTD’, respectively, that were transplanted in the following season produced new shoots; however, tuberous roots sprouting percentage from plants irrigated with EC 4 dS·m −1 water decreased to 42.9% and 58.3% and to 11.1% and 45.0% with EC 6 dS·m −1”
t0“Ranunculus asiaticus”
Claim · model-written summary
Pink CTD root sprouting decreased to 45.0% at EC 6.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus asiaticusRanunculus asiaticust0
- Material
- Pink CTDe0
- Treatment
- EC 6 dS·m −1e0
- Outcome
- tuberous roots sprouting percentagee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 45.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“83% and 76% of tuberous roots of ‘Yellow ASD’ and ‘Pink CTD’, respectively, that were transplanted in the following season produced new shoots; however, tuberous roots sprouting percentage from plants irrigated with EC 4 dS·m −1 water decreased to 42.9% and 58.3% and to 11.1% and 45.0% with EC 6 dS·m −1”
t0“Ranunculus asiaticus”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity significantly lowered tissue calcium and potassium.
- Taxon
- ranunculus
.jpg?width=60)
Ranunculuse0 - Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- Ca 2+ and K + tissue concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“hypersensitivity of ranunculus to salinity was associated with a significant decrease in Ca 2+ and K + tissue concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Yellow ASD calcium declined from 202 to 130 mmol·kg −1 under 3 dS·m −1 irrigation.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus asiaticusRanunculus asiaticust0
- Material
- Yellow ASDe0
- Treatment
- 3 dS·m −1 solutions and pH 6.4e0
- Outcome
- Ca 2+e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 130 mmol·kg −1e0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In ‘Yellow ASD’, Ca 2+ decreased from 202 mmol·kg −1 in control plants to 130 mmol·kg −1 in plants irrigated with 3 dS·m −1 solutions and pH 6.4”
t0“Ranunculus asiaticus”
Claim · model-written summary
Pink CTD calcium declined from 198 to 166 mmol·kg −1.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus asiaticusRanunculus asiaticust0
- Material
- Pink CTDe0
- Outcome
- Ca 2+e1
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 166 mmol·kg −1e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In ‘Pink CTD’, the decrease was from 198 mmol·kg −1 to 166 mmol·kg −1”
t0“Ranunculus asiaticus”
e1“Ca 2+ decreased from 202 mmol·kg −1”
Claim · model-written summary
At EC 6, shoot sodium rose by 101% in Yellow ASD.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus asiaticusRanunculus asiaticust0
- Material
- Yellow ASDe0
- Treatment
- 6 dS·m −1 watere0
- Outcome
- shoot Na + concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 101%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoot Na + concentration was increased by 101% in ‘Yellow ASD’ and by 125% in ‘Pink CTD’ when irrigated with 6 dS·m −1 water”
t0“Ranunculus asiaticus”
Claim · model-written summary
At EC 6, shoot sodium rose by 125% in Pink CTD.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus asiaticusRanunculus asiaticust0
- Material
- Pink CTDe0
- Treatment
- 6 dS·m −1 watere0
- Outcome
- shoot Na + concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 125%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoot Na + concentration was increased by 101% in ‘Yellow ASD’ and by 125% in ‘Pink CTD’ when irrigated with 6 dS·m −1 water”
t0“Ranunculus asiaticus”
Claim · model-written summary
Alkaline irrigation increased salt sensitivity and tissue sodium and chloride while decreasing iron accumulation.
- Taxon
- ranunculusRanunculuse0
- Treatment
- irrigation with alkaline waterse0
- Outcome
- Salt sensitivity of ranunculuse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt sensitivity of ranunculus, as determined by growth of the flowering stems and viability of the tuberous roots, was increased by irrigation with alkaline waters, which was associated with additional increases in Na + and Cl – tissue concentration and decreased iron accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude ranunculus is a poor candidate for water reuse systems.
- Taxon
- ranunculusRanunculuse0
- Outcome
- poor candidate for water reuse systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hypersensitivity to salinity makes ranunculus crop a poor candidate for water reuse systems”