Abstract
SUMMARY: The establishment of alternative methods to chemical treatments for growth retardation and pathogen protection in ornamental plant production has become a major goal in recent breeding programmes. This study evaluates the effect of manipulating MAP kinase 4 nuclear substrate 1 (MKS1) expression in Kalanchoë blossfeldiana and Petunia hybrida. The Arabidopsis thaliana MKS1 gene was overexpressed in both species via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, resulting in dwarfed phenotypes and delayed flowering in both species and increased tolerance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in transgenic Petunia plants. The lengths of the stems and internodes were decreased, while the number of nodes in the transgenic plants was similar to that of the control plants in both species. The transgenic Kalanchoë flowers had an increased anthocyanin concentration, and the length of the inflorescence stem was decreased. The morphology of transgenic Petunia flowers was not altered. The results of the Pseudomonas syringae tolerance test showed that Petunia plants with one copy of the transgene reacted similarly to the nontransgenic control plants; however, plants with four copies of the transgene exhibited considerably higher tolerance to bacterial attack. Transgene integration and expression was determined by Southern blot hybridization and RT-PCR analyses. MKS1 in wild-type Petunia plants was down-regulated through a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) method using tobacco rattle virus vectors. There were no significant phenotypic differences between the plants with silenced MKS1 genes and the controls. The relative concentration of the MKS1 transcript in VIGS-treated plants was estimated by quantitative RT-PCR.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpressed Arabidopsis MKS1 gave Kalanchoë blossfeldiana dwarfed phenotypes and delayed flowering.
- Taxon
- Kalanchoë blossfeldianae0
- Treatment
- MKS1 gene was overexpressede1
- Outcome
- dwarfed phenotypes and delayed floweringe1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“This study evaluates the effect of manipulating MAP kinase 4 nuclear substrate 1 (MKS1) expression in Kalanchoë blossfeldiana and Petunia hybrida”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana MKS1 gene was overexpressed in both species via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, resulting in dwarfed phenotypes and delayed flowering in both species”
Claim · model-written summary
Transgenic Kalanchoë blossfeldiana flowers had an increased anthocyanin concentration.
- Taxon
- Kalanchoë blossfeldianae0
- Organ / stage
- flowerse2
- Treatment
- MKS1 gene was overexpressede1
- Outcome
- anthocyanin concentratione2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“This study evaluates the effect of manipulating MAP kinase 4 nuclear substrate 1 (MKS1) expression in Kalanchoë blossfeldiana and Petunia hybrida”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana MKS1 gene was overexpressed in both species via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, resulting in dwarfed phenotypes and delayed flowering in both species”
e2“The transgenic Kalanchoë flowers had an increased anthocyanin concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpressed MKS1 decreased the length of the inflorescence stem of Kalanchoë blossfeldiana.
- Taxon
- Kalanchoë blossfeldianae0
- Organ / stage
- inflorescence steme3
- Treatment
- MKS1 gene was overexpressede1
- Outcome
- length of the inflorescence steme3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“This study evaluates the effect of manipulating MAP kinase 4 nuclear substrate 1 (MKS1) expression in Kalanchoë blossfeldiana and Petunia hybrida”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana MKS1 gene was overexpressed in both species via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, resulting in dwarfed phenotypes and delayed flowering in both species”
e3“the length of the inflorescence stem was decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpressed MKS1 decreased the lengths of stems and internodes of Kalanchoë blossfeldiana.
- Taxon
- Kalanchoë blossfeldianae0
- Organ / stage
- stems and internodese4
- Treatment
- MKS1 gene was overexpressede1
- Outcome
- lengths of the stems and internodese4
- Direction
- decreasede4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“This study evaluates the effect of manipulating MAP kinase 4 nuclear substrate 1 (MKS1) expression in Kalanchoë blossfeldiana and Petunia hybrida”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana MKS1 gene was overexpressed in both species via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, resulting in dwarfed phenotypes and delayed flowering in both species”
e4“The lengths of the stems and internodes were decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Node number of transgenic Kalanchoë blossfeldiana was similar to that of control plants.
Verbatim
e0“This study evaluates the effect of manipulating MAP kinase 4 nuclear substrate 1 (MKS1) expression in Kalanchoë blossfeldiana and Petunia hybrida”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana MKS1 gene was overexpressed in both species via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, resulting in dwarfed phenotypes and delayed flowering in both species”
e5“the number of nodes in the transgenic plants was similar to that of the control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpressed MKS1 gave Petunia hybrida dwarfed phenotypes and delayed flowering.
- Taxon
- Petunia hybrida
Petunia ×hybridae0 - Treatment
- MKS1 gene was overexpressede1
- Outcome
- dwarfed phenotypes and delayed floweringe1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study evaluates the effect of manipulating MAP kinase 4 nuclear substrate 1 (MKS1) expression in Kalanchoë blossfeldiana and Petunia hybrida”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana MKS1 gene was overexpressed in both species via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, resulting in dwarfed phenotypes and delayed flowering in both species”
Claim · model-written summary
Petunia hybrida plants with four copies of the transgene had higher tolerance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato.
- Taxon
- Petunia hybridaPetunia ×hybridae0
- Material
- plants with four copies of the transgenee6
- Treatment
- MKS1 gene was overexpressede1
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomatoe7pathogen - Outcome
- tolerance to bacterial attacke6
- Direction
- highere6
- Qualifier
- considerablye6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study evaluates the effect of manipulating MAP kinase 4 nuclear substrate 1 (MKS1) expression in Kalanchoë blossfeldiana and Petunia hybrida”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana MKS1 gene was overexpressed in both species via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, resulting in dwarfed phenotypes and delayed flowering in both species”
e6“plants with four copies of the transgene exhibited considerably higher tolerance to bacterial attack”
e7“increased tolerance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in transgenic Petunia plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Petunia hybrida plants with one copy of the transgene reacted to Pseudomonas syringae similarly to nontransgenic control plants.
- Taxon
- Petunia hybridaPetunia ×hybridae0
- Material
- plants with one copy of the transgenee2
- Treatment
- MKS1 gene was overexpressede1
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringaePseudomonas syringaee2pathogen
- Outcome
- Pseudomonas syringae tolerance teste2
- Direction
- reacted similarlye2
- Comparator
- nontransgenic control plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study evaluates the effect of manipulating MAP kinase 4 nuclear substrate 1 (MKS1) expression in Kalanchoë blossfeldiana and Petunia hybrida”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana MKS1 gene was overexpressed in both species via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, resulting in dwarfed phenotypes and delayed flowering in both species”
e2“The results of the Pseudomonas syringae tolerance test showed that Petunia plants with one copy of the transgene reacted similarly to the nontransgenic control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpressed MKS1 decreased the lengths of stems and internodes of Petunia hybrida.
- Taxon
- Petunia hybridaPetunia ×hybridae0
- Organ / stage
- stems and internodese4
- Treatment
- MKS1 gene was overexpressede1
- Outcome
- lengths of the stems and internodese4
- Direction
- decreasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study evaluates the effect of manipulating MAP kinase 4 nuclear substrate 1 (MKS1) expression in Kalanchoë blossfeldiana and Petunia hybrida”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana MKS1 gene was overexpressed in both species via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, resulting in dwarfed phenotypes and delayed flowering in both species”
e4“The lengths of the stems and internodes were decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Node number of transgenic Petunia hybrida was similar to that of control plants.
- Taxon
- Petunia hybridaPetunia ×hybridae0
- Treatment
- MKS1 gene was overexpressede1
- Outcome
- number of nodese5
- Direction
- similare5
- Comparator
- control plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study evaluates the effect of manipulating MAP kinase 4 nuclear substrate 1 (MKS1) expression in Kalanchoë blossfeldiana and Petunia hybrida”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana MKS1 gene was overexpressed in both species via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, resulting in dwarfed phenotypes and delayed flowering in both species”
e5“the number of nodes in the transgenic plants was similar to that of the control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The morphology of transgenic Petunia hybrida flowers was not altered by MKS1 overexpression.
- Taxon
- Petunia hybridaPetunia ×hybridae0
- Organ / stage
- flowerse2
- Treatment
- MKS1 gene was overexpressede1
- Outcome
- morphologye2
- Direction
- not alterede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study evaluates the effect of manipulating MAP kinase 4 nuclear substrate 1 (MKS1) expression in Kalanchoë blossfeldiana and Petunia hybrida”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana MKS1 gene was overexpressed in both species via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, resulting in dwarfed phenotypes and delayed flowering in both species”
e2“The morphology of transgenic Petunia flowers was not altered”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing MKS1 by VIGS in Petunia hybrida gave no significant phenotypic differences from controls.
- Taxon
- Petunia hybridaPetunia ×hybridae0
- Treatment
- down-regulated through a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) methode1
- Gene
- MKS1e1
- Outcome
- phenotypic differencese2
- Comparator
- the controlse2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study evaluates the effect of manipulating MAP kinase 4 nuclear substrate 1 (MKS1) expression in Kalanchoë blossfeldiana and Petunia hybrida”
e1“MKS1 in wild-type Petunia plants was down-regulated through a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) method using tobacco rattle virus vectors”
e2“There were no significant phenotypic differences between the plants with silenced MKS1 genes and the controls”