Abstract
Winter annual cover crops, winter rye ( Secale cereale L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), can reduce weed density and build soil quality in organic production systems. There is interest in integrating cover crops and reduced tillage with organic vegetable production, but few studies have been conducted in regions with short growing seasons and cool soils such as the upper Midwest. We evaluated no-tillage production of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.), zucchini ( Cucurbita pepo L.), and bell pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) planted into winter rye, hairy vetch, and a winter rye/hairy vetch (WR/HV) mixture that were mechanically suppressed with a roller–crimper at two locations in Minnesota. Average marketable yields of tomato, zucchini, and bell pepper in the rolled cover crops were reduced 89%, 77%, and 92% in 2008 and 65%, 41%, and 79% in 2009, respectively, compared with a no-cover control. Winter rye and the WR/HV mixture reduced average annual weed density at St. Paul by 96% for 8 to 10 weeks after rolling (WAR) and hairy vetch mulch reduced weeds 80% for 2 to 8 WAR, whereas at Lamberton, there was no consistent effect of cover treatments on weed populations. Winter rye and the WR/HV mixture had higher average residue biomass (5.3 and 5.7 Mg·ha −1 , respectively) than hairy vetch (3.0 Mg·ha −1 ) throughout the season. Soil growing degree-days (SGDD) were lower in cover crop treatments compared with the no-cover control, which could have delayed early vegetable growth and contributed to reduced yields. All cover crop mulches were associated with low levels of soil nitrogen (N) (less than 10 mg·kg −1 N) in the upper 15 cm. Rolled winter annual cover crops show promise for controlling annual weeds in organic no-tillage systems, but additional research is needed on methods to increase vegetable crop yields in rolled cover crops.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Average marketable yield of tomato in rolled cover crops was reduced 89% in 2008 compared with a no-cover control.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- rolled cover cropse1
- Outcome
- Average marketable yieldse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 89%e1
- Qualifier
- 2008e1
- Comparator
- no-cover controle1
- Setting
- Minnesotae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated no-tillage production of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.), zucchini ( Cucurbita pepo L.), and bell pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) planted into winter rye, hairy vetch, and a winter rye/hairy vetch (WR/HV) mixture that were mechanically suppressed with a roller–crimper at two locations in Minnesota”
e1“Average marketable yields of tomato, zucchini, and bell pepper in the rolled cover crops were reduced 89%, 77%, and 92% in 2008 and 65%, 41%, and 79% in 2009, respectively, compared with a no-cover control”
Claim · model-written summary
Average marketable yield of tomato in rolled cover crops was reduced 65% in 2009 compared with a no-cover control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- rolled cover cropse1
- Outcome
- Average marketable yieldse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 65%e1
- Qualifier
- 2009e1
- Comparator
- no-cover controle1
- Setting
- Minnesotae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated no-tillage production of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.), zucchini ( Cucurbita pepo L.), and bell pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) planted into winter rye, hairy vetch, and a winter rye/hairy vetch (WR/HV) mixture that were mechanically suppressed with a roller–crimper at two locations in Minnesota”
e1“Average marketable yields of tomato, zucchini, and bell pepper in the rolled cover crops were reduced 89%, 77%, and 92% in 2008 and 65%, 41%, and 79% in 2009, respectively, compared with a no-cover control”
Claim · model-written summary
Average marketable yield of zucchini in rolled cover crops was reduced 77% in 2008 compared with a no-cover control.
- Taxon
- zucchini
Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepoe0 - Treatment
- rolled cover cropse1
- Outcome
- Average marketable yieldse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 77%e1
- Qualifier
- 2008e1
- Comparator
- no-cover controle1
- Setting
- Minnesotae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated no-tillage production of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.), zucchini ( Cucurbita pepo L.), and bell pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) planted into winter rye, hairy vetch, and a winter rye/hairy vetch (WR/HV) mixture that were mechanically suppressed with a roller–crimper at two locations in Minnesota”
e1“Average marketable yields of tomato, zucchini, and bell pepper in the rolled cover crops were reduced 89%, 77%, and 92% in 2008 and 65%, 41%, and 79% in 2009, respectively, compared with a no-cover control”
Claim · model-written summary
Average marketable yield of zucchini in rolled cover crops was reduced 41% in 2009 compared with a no-cover control.
- Taxon
- zucchiniCucurbita pepo subsp. pepoe0
- Treatment
- rolled cover cropse1
- Outcome
- Average marketable yieldse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 41%e1
- Qualifier
- 2009e1
- Comparator
- no-cover controle1
- Setting
- Minnesotae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated no-tillage production of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.), zucchini ( Cucurbita pepo L.), and bell pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) planted into winter rye, hairy vetch, and a winter rye/hairy vetch (WR/HV) mixture that were mechanically suppressed with a roller–crimper at two locations in Minnesota”
e1“Average marketable yields of tomato, zucchini, and bell pepper in the rolled cover crops were reduced 89%, 77%, and 92% in 2008 and 65%, 41%, and 79% in 2009, respectively, compared with a no-cover control”
Claim · model-written summary
Average marketable yield of bell pepper in rolled cover crops was reduced 92% in 2008 compared with a no-cover control.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated no-tillage production of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.), zucchini ( Cucurbita pepo L.), and bell pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) planted into winter rye, hairy vetch, and a winter rye/hairy vetch (WR/HV) mixture that were mechanically suppressed with a roller–crimper at two locations in Minnesota”
e1“Average marketable yields of tomato, zucchini, and bell pepper in the rolled cover crops were reduced 89%, 77%, and 92% in 2008 and 65%, 41%, and 79% in 2009, respectively, compared with a no-cover control”
Claim · model-written summary
Average marketable yield of bell pepper in rolled cover crops was reduced 79% in 2009 compared with a no-cover control.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated no-tillage production of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.), zucchini ( Cucurbita pepo L.), and bell pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) planted into winter rye, hairy vetch, and a winter rye/hairy vetch (WR/HV) mixture that were mechanically suppressed with a roller–crimper at two locations in Minnesota”
e1“Average marketable yields of tomato, zucchini, and bell pepper in the rolled cover crops were reduced 89%, 77%, and 92% in 2008 and 65%, 41%, and 79% in 2009, respectively, compared with a no-cover control”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter rye reduced average annual weed density at St. Paul by 96% for 8 to 10 weeks after rolling.
- Taxon
- Winter rye
Secale cerealee2 - Interactor
- weede2weed
- Outcome
- average annual weed densitye2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 96%e2
- Qualifier
- for 8 to 10 weeks after rolling (WAR)e2
- Setting
- St. Paule2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Winter rye and the WR/HV mixture reduced average annual weed density at St. Paul by 96% for 8 to 10 weeks after rolling (WAR)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hairy vetch mulch reduced weeds by 80% for 2 to 8 weeks after rolling.
- Taxon
- hairy vetch
Vicia villosae3 - Treatment
- hairy vetch mulche3
- Interactor
- weedse3weed
- Outcome
- weedse3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 80%e3
- Qualifier
- for 2 to 8 WARe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“hairy vetch mulch reduced weeds 80% for 2 to 8 WAR”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter rye had higher average residue biomass than hairy vetch (5.3 Mg·ha −1 ) throughout the season.
- Taxon
- Winter ryeSecale cerealee4
- Outcome
- average residue biomasse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 5.3e4
- Qualifier
- throughout the seasone4
- Comparator
- hairy vetche4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Winter rye and the WR/HV mixture had higher average residue biomass (5.3 and 5.7 Mg·ha −1 , respectively) than hairy vetch (3.0 Mg·ha −1 ) throughout the season”
Claim · model-written summary
The WR/HV mixture had higher average residue biomass than hairy vetch (5.7 Mg·ha −1 ) throughout the season.
- Taxon
- Winter ryeSecale cerealee4
- Material
- WR/HV mixturee4
- Outcome
- average residue biomasse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 5.7e4
- Qualifier
- throughout the seasone4
- Comparator
- hairy vetche4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Winter rye and the WR/HV mixture had higher average residue biomass (5.3 and 5.7 Mg·ha −1 , respectively) than hairy vetch (3.0 Mg·ha −1 ) throughout the season”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil growing degree-days were lower in cover crop treatments than in the no-cover control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- cover crop treatmentse5
- Outcome
- Soil growing degree-days (SGDD)e5
- Direction
- lowere5
- Comparator
- no-cover controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated no-tillage production of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.), zucchini ( Cucurbita pepo L.), and bell pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) planted into winter rye, hairy vetch, and a winter rye/hairy vetch (WR/HV) mixture that were mechanically suppressed with a roller–crimper at two locations in Minnesota”
e5“Soil growing degree-days (SGDD) were lower in cover crop treatments compared with the no-cover control, which could have delayed early vegetable growth and contributed to reduced yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower soil growing degree-days may have delayed early vegetable growth under cover crop treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- cover crop treatmentse5
- Outcome
- early vegetable growthe5
- Qualifier
- could have delayede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated no-tillage production of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.), zucchini ( Cucurbita pepo L.), and bell pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) planted into winter rye, hairy vetch, and a winter rye/hairy vetch (WR/HV) mixture that were mechanically suppressed with a roller–crimper at two locations in Minnesota”
e5“Soil growing degree-days (SGDD) were lower in cover crop treatments compared with the no-cover control, which could have delayed early vegetable growth and contributed to reduced yields”
Claim · model-written summary
All cover crop mulches were associated with low levels of soil nitrogen (less than 10 mg·kg −1 N) in the upper 15 cm.
- Taxon
- winter ryeSecale cerealee0
- Treatment
- cover crop mulchese6
- Outcome
- soil nitrogen (N)e6
- Direction
- low levelse6
- Value
- less than 10 mg·kg −1 Ne6
- Qualifier
- in the upper 15 cme6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated no-tillage production of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.), zucchini ( Cucurbita pepo L.), and bell pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) planted into winter rye, hairy vetch, and a winter rye/hairy vetch (WR/HV) mixture that were mechanically suppressed with a roller–crimper at two locations in Minnesota”
e6“All cover crop mulches were associated with low levels of soil nitrogen (N) (less than 10 mg·kg −1 N) in the upper 15 cm”
Claim · model-written summary
Rolled winter annual cover crops show promise for controlling annual weeds in organic no-tillage systems.
Verbatim
e7“Rolled winter annual cover crops show promise for controlling annual weeds in organic no-tillage systems”
The same questions in other papers
cover crop · quality: postharvest · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results differ
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →cover crop · quality: postharvest · Cucurbita pepoResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
cover crop · quality: postharvest · Capsicum annuum (sweet pepper)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.