Abstract
The changes in yields and nutritive composition of whole crop wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during maturation and effects of maturity stage and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability were investigated under laboratory conditions. Whole crop wheat harvested at three maturation stages: flowering stage, milk stage and dough stage. Two strains of LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum: LAB1, Lactobacillus parafarraqinis: LAB2) were inoculated for wheat ensiling at 1.0×10(5) colony forming units per gram of fresh forage. The results indicated that wheat had higher dry matter yields at the milk and dough stages. The highest water-soluble carbohydrates content, crude protein yields and relative feed value of wheat were obtained at the milk stage, while contents of crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were the lowest, compared to the flowering and dough stages. Lactic acid contents of wheat silage significantly decreased with maturity. Inoculating homofermentative LAB1 markedly reduced pH values and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) content (p<0.05) of silages at three maturity stages compared with their corresponding controls. Inoculating heterofermentative LAB2 did not significantly influence pH values, whereas it notably lowered lactic acid and NH3-N content (p<0.05) and effectively improved the aerobic stability of silages. In conclusion, considering both yields and nutritive value, whole crop wheat as forage should be harvested at the milk stage. Inoculating LAB1 improved the fermentation quality, while inoculating LAB2 enhanced the aerobic stability of wheat silages at different maturity stages.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Whole crop wheat had higher dry matter yields at the milk and dough stages.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.
Triticum aestivume1 - Organ / stage
- milk and dough stagese2
- Outcome
- dry matter yieldse2
- Direction
- highere2
- Setting
- laboratory conditionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“whole crop wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during maturation”
e2“The results indicated that wheat had higher dry matter yields at the milk and dough stages”
e3“were investigated under laboratory conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest water-soluble carbohydrate content, crude protein yield and relative feed value of wheat were at the milk stage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- milk stagee1
- Outcome
- water-soluble carbohydrates content, crude protein yields and relative feed valuee1
- Direction
- higheste1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The highest water-soluble carbohydrates content, crude protein yields and relative feed value of wheat were obtained at the milk stage, while contents of crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were the lowest, compared to the flowering and dough stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were lowest at the milk stage compared with flowering and dough stages.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- milk stagee1
- Outcome
- crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fibere1
- Direction
- loweste1
- Comparator
- flowering and dough stagese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The highest water-soluble carbohydrates content, crude protein yields and relative feed value of wheat were obtained at the milk stage, while contents of crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were the lowest, compared to the flowering and dough stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Lactic acid content of wheat silage decreased significantly with maturity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- maturitye1
- Outcome
- Lactic acid contents of wheat silagee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Lactic acid contents of wheat silage significantly decreased with maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculating homofermentative LAB1 markedly reduced silage pH and NH3-N content compared with controls at three maturity stages.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- Inoculating homofermentative LAB1e1
- Interactor
- Lactobacillus plantarume3other
- Outcome
- pH values and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) contente1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- their corresponding controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Inoculating homofermentative LAB1 markedly reduced pH values and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) content (p<0.05) of silages at three maturity stages compared with their corresponding controls”
e2“whole crop wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during maturation”
e3“Two strains of LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum: LAB1, Lactobacillus parafarraqinis: LAB2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculating heterofermentative LAB2 did not significantly change silage pH.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- Inoculating heterofermentative LAB2e1
- Interactor
- Lactobacillus parafarraqinise3other
- Outcome
- pH valuese1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Inoculating heterofermentative LAB2 did not significantly influence pH values, whereas it notably lowered lactic acid and NH3-N content (p<0.05) and effectively improved the aerobic stability of silages”
e2“whole crop wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during maturation”
e3“Two strains of LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum: LAB1, Lactobacillus parafarraqinis: LAB2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculating heterofermentative LAB2 lowered lactic acid and NH3-N content of silage.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- Inoculating heterofermentative LAB2e1
- Interactor
- Lactobacillus parafarraqinise3other
- Outcome
- lactic acid and NH3-N contente1
- Direction
- lowerede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Inoculating heterofermentative LAB2 did not significantly influence pH values, whereas it notably lowered lactic acid and NH3-N content (p<0.05) and effectively improved the aerobic stability of silages”
e2“whole crop wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during maturation”
e3“Two strains of LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum: LAB1, Lactobacillus parafarraqinis: LAB2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculating heterofermentative LAB2 effectively improved the aerobic stability of silages.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- Inoculating heterofermentative LAB2e1
- Interactor
- Lactobacillus parafarraqinise3other
- Outcome
- aerobic stabilitye1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Inoculating heterofermentative LAB2 did not significantly influence pH values, whereas it notably lowered lactic acid and NH3-N content (p<0.05) and effectively improved the aerobic stability of silages”
e2“whole crop wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during maturation”
e3“Two strains of LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum: LAB1, Lactobacillus parafarraqinis: LAB2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Whole crop wheat should be harvested at the milk stage when yield and nutritive value are both considered.
Verbatim
e1“considering both yields and nutritive value, whole crop wheat as forage should be harvested at the milk stage”
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