Abstract
Field experiment was conducted for three years to evaluate the influence of plant population density of intercropped soybean with sorghum on its competitive ability and economic yield at Otobi, Benue State, Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in split-split plot with three replications. The main plot treatment comprised of cropping systems with two levels (sole cropping, intercropping), while the sub-plot treatment was soybean variety at three levels (TGX 536-O2D, Samsoy 2, TGX 923-2E) and the sub-sub-plot treatment was plant population density of soybean at three levels (200,000 plants/ha; 333,000 plants/ha and 400,000 plants/ha). Planting intercropped soybean at 333,000 plants/ha gave significantly higher seed yield than planting at 400,000 plants/ha, which in turn had greater seed yield than planting at 200,000 plants/ha during the three years of experimentation. Increased density of soybean beyond 333,000 plants/ha in the intercrop reduced sorghum yield. The results showed that all the intercrop combinations had land equivalent ratio (LER) and area- time equivalency ratio( ATER) above unity (1.63 - 1.97) and (1.41 - 1.47),respectively, under all the densities of soybean tested, suggesting a considerable benefit for intercropping soybean with sorghum. LER figures decreased with increase in soybean density. ATER was highest at 333.000 plants/ha, suggesting higher productivity at this density. Aggressivity values were consistently negative at 200,000 plants/ha with a mean value of -0.25 and it was inconsistent at 333,000plants/ha and 400,000 plants/ha. The competitive ratio of soybean increased (0.76 - 1.15) with increasing density of the soybean in the intercrop combinations, indicating higher competitiveness at higher densities than the sorghum component. The competitive ratio of sorghum had the opposite response (1.23 - 0.76). Relative crowding coefficient (K) was inconsistent at all densities, while land equivalent coefficient (LEC) was above 0.25 indicating intercrop advantages for all combinations. ‘Soybean yield equivalent’ was also highest at 333,000 plants/ha (1.70) implying general suitability of soybean to intercropping at this density. Dominance analysis revealed that sole crop treatments were dominated. Intercropped soybean planted at 333,000 plants/ha and 400,000 plants/ha gave significantly higher net benefits than those planted at 200,000 plants/ha. Marginal analysis showed that planting soybean at 333,000 plants/ha gave the highest marginal rate of return and this was 2825%.These results suggest that growing soybean under intercropping at Otobi is biologically efficient at 333,000 plants/ha and more profitable. Key words: Intercropped soybean, density, competition, Otobi.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean seed yield at 333,000 plants/ha exceeded that at 400,000 plants/ha, which exceeded 200,000 plants/ha.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- 333,000 plants/hae0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- 400,000 plants/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Planting intercropped soybean at 333,000 plants/ha gave significantly higher seed yield than planting at 400,000 plants/ha, which in turn had greater seed yield than planting at 200,000 plants/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean density beyond 333,000 plants/ha reduced sorghum yield.
- Treatment
- Increased density of soybean beyond 333,000 plants/hae0
- Outcome
- sorghum yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
SorghumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased density of soybean beyond 333,000 plants/ha in the intercrop reduced sorghum yield”
Claim · model-written summary
All tested intercrops had land equivalent ratios above unity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- land equivalent ratio (LER)e0
- Direction
- above unitye0
- Value
- 1.63 - 1.97e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all the intercrop combinations had land equivalent ratio (LER) and area- time equivalency ratio( ATER) above unity (1.63 - 1.97) and (1.41 - 1.47),respectively”
t0“soybean with tall sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
All tested intercrops had area-time equivalency ratios above unity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- area- time equivalency ratio( ATER)e0
- Direction
- above unitye0
- Value
- 1.41 - 1.47e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all the intercrop combinations had land equivalent ratio (LER) and area- time equivalency ratio( ATER) above unity (1.63 - 1.97) and (1.41 - 1.47),respectively”
t0“soybean with tall sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Land equivalent ratio declined with soybean density.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- soybean densitye0
- Outcome
- LER figurese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LER figures decreased with increase in soybean density”
t0“soybean with tall sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Area-time equivalency ratio peaked at 333,000 plants/ha.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 333.000 plants/hae0
- Outcome
- ATERe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ATER was highest at 333.000 plants/ha”
t0“soybean with tall sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Aggressivity at 200,000 plants/ha was consistently negative with mean −0.25.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 200,000 plants/hae0
- Outcome
- Aggressivity valuese0
- Direction
- negativee0
- Value
- -0.25e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aggressivity values were consistently negative at 200,000 plants/ha with a mean value of -0.25”
t0“soybean with tall sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Aggressivity varied inconsistently at the two higher densities.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 333,000plants/ha and 400,000 plants/hae0
- Outcome
- inconsistente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it was inconsistent at 333,000plants/ha and 400,000 plants/ha”
t0“soybean with tall sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean competitive ratio increased with soybean density from 0.76 to 1.15.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- density of the soybeane0
- Outcome
- competitive ratio of soybeane0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.76 - 1.15e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The competitive ratio of soybean increased (0.76 - 1.15) with increasing density of the soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum competitive ratio had the opposite response, from 1.23 to 0.76.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The competitive ratio of sorghum had the opposite response (1.23 - 0.76)”
t0“tall sorghum”
e1“The competitive ratio of soybean increased (0.76 - 1.15) with increasing density of the soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative crowding coefficient was inconsistent across densities.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- Relative crowding coefficient (K)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relative crowding coefficient (K) was inconsistent at all densities”
t0“soybean with tall sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Land equivalent coefficient exceeded 0.25 in all combinations.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- land equivalent coefficient (LEC)e0
- Direction
- abovee0
- Value
- 0.25e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“land equivalent coefficient (LEC) was above 0.25 indicating intercrop advantages for all combinations”
t0“soybean with tall sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean yield equivalent peaked at 333,000 plants/ha at 1.70.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- 333,000 plants/hae0
- Outcome
- Soybean yield equivalente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1.70e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Soybean yield equivalent’ was also highest at 333,000 plants/ha (1.70)”
Claim · model-written summary
Dominance analysis found sole crop treatments dominated.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- sole crop treatments were dominatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dominance analysis revealed that sole crop treatments were dominated”
t0“soybean with tall sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped soybean at 333,000 and 400,000 plants/ha gave higher net benefits than at 200,000 plants/ha.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- 333,000 plants/ha and 400,000 plants/hae0
- Outcome
- net benefitse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- 200,000 plants/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intercropped soybean planted at 333,000 plants/ha and 400,000 plants/ha gave significantly higher net benefits than those planted at 200,000 plants/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest marginal rate of return was 2825% at 333,000 plants/ha.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- 333,000 plants/hae0
- Outcome
- marginal rate of returne0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2825%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“planting soybean at 333,000 plants/ha gave the highest marginal rate of return and this was 2825%”
The same questions in other papers
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