Abstract
Summary The interaction in mesophyll protoplasts of two strains of raspberry ringspot virus, RRV-S and RRV-E, was studied using fluorescent antibody to detect strain-specific antigen. Staining with fluorescent antibody was weak and generalized unless the protoplasts were also infected with tobacco rattle virus (TRV), which induces RRV to form antigen aggregates and was therefore used routinely to make RRV antigen more easily detectable. When tobacco protoplasts were inoculated simultaneously with equal amounts of the two RRV strains, both strain-specific antigens were produced in more than half the protoplasts. The proportion of protoplasts producing antigen aggregates of both strains depended on the ratio of particles of the two strains in the inoculum, but RRV-S had a greater specific infectivity than RRV-E and tended to dominate unless this difference was compensated for. Adding an equal amount of RRV-S to an inoculum of RRV-E decreased the proportion of protoplasts producing RRV-E antigen aggregates. When one RRV strain and TRV were inoculated before the other strain, the strain inoculated second produced antigen aggregates in fewer protoplasts than when it followed a first inoculation with TRV only. Exclusion of the second strain increased with increasing interval between inoculations and was not overcome by increasing the inoculum virus concentration. It was less strong in RRV-E-inoculated than in RRV-S-inoculated protoplasts, in which it was total by 12 h. Nicotiana benthamiana plants systemically infected with RRV-S did not develop additional symptoms after their recovered leaves were inoculated with RRV-E, but some RRV-S-infected protoplasts from recovered leaves produced RRV-E antigen after inoculation with RRV-E and TRV. This shows that some stages of RRV-E replication can occur in cells long infected with RRV-S. However, RRV-E antigen aggregates were produced in only 11% of the challenge-inoculated protoplasts, 99% of which became infected with TRV from the same inoculum, suggesting that partial protection exists and is virus-specific. The phenomena of interference and cross protection seem best explained by competition in cells for virus-specific sites or material, possibly RNA polymerase, that can be used in the replication of either strain.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Tobacco rattle virus made RRV antigen aggregates easier to detect in protoplasts.
- Taxon
- tobacco
Nicotiana tabacume1 - Treatment
- tobacco rattle virus (TRV)e0
- Interactor
- RRVe0pathogen
- Second interactor
- tobacco rattle virusTobacco rattle viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- RRV to form antigen aggregatese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tobacco rattle virus (TRV), which induces RRV to form antigen aggregates”
t0“Protoplasts Exposed to Two Strains of Raspberry Ringspot Virus”
e1“When tobacco protoplasts were inoculated simultaneously”
Claim · model-written summary
Both RRV strain antigens were produced in more than half of tobacco protoplasts after simultaneous inoculation.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- equal amounts of the two RRV strainse0
- Interactor
- RRVe0pathogen
- Outcome
- both strain-specific antigens were producede0
- Value
- more than half the protoplastse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When tobacco protoplasts were inoculated simultaneously with equal amounts of the two RRV strains, both strain-specific antigens were produced in more than half the protoplasts”
Claim · model-written summary
The proportion of protoplasts producing both strain aggregates depended on inoculum particle ratio.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- ratio of particles of the two strains in the inoculume0
- Interactor
- Raspberry Ringspot VirusRaspberry ringspot virust0pathogen
- Outcome
- proportion of protoplasts producing antigen aggregates of both strainse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The proportion of protoplasts producing antigen aggregates of both strains depended on the ratio of particles of the two strains in the inoculum”
t0“Protoplasts Exposed to Two Strains of Raspberry Ringspot Virus”
e1“When tobacco protoplasts were inoculated simultaneously”
Claim · model-written summary
RRV-S had greater specific infectivity and tended to dominate RRV-E.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Interactor
- RRV-Se0pathogen
- Outcome
- RRV-S had a greater specific infectivitye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- RRV-Ee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RRV-S had a greater specific infectivity than RRV-E and tended to dominate unless this difference was compensated for”
t0“Protoplasts Exposed to Two Strains of Raspberry Ringspot Virus”
e1“When tobacco protoplasts were inoculated simultaneously”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding RRV-S reduced the proportion of protoplasts producing RRV-E aggregates.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- Adding an equal amount of RRV-Se0
- Interactor
- RRV-Ee0pathogen
- Second interactor
- RRV-Se0pathogen
- Outcome
- proportion of protoplasts producing RRV-E antigen aggregatese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- an inoculum of RRV-Ee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adding an equal amount of RRV-S to an inoculum of RRV-E decreased the proportion of protoplasts producing RRV-E antigen aggregates”
t0“Protoplasts Exposed to Two Strains of Raspberry Ringspot Virus”
e1“When tobacco protoplasts were inoculated simultaneously”
Claim · model-written summary
The second RRV strain formed aggregates in fewer protoplasts after prior RRV inoculation than after TRV alone.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- the strain inoculated seconde0
- Interactor
- Raspberry Ringspot VirusRaspberry ringspot virust0pathogen
- Outcome
- antigen aggregatese0
- Direction
- fewere0
- Comparator
- a first inoculation with TRV onlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the strain inoculated second produced antigen aggregates in fewer protoplasts than when it followed a first inoculation with TRV only”
t0“Protoplasts Exposed to Two Strains of Raspberry Ringspot Virus”
e1“When tobacco protoplasts were inoculated simultaneously”
Claim · model-written summary
Exclusion of the second strain increased as the interval between inoculations increased.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- increasing interval between inoculationse0
- Interactor
- Raspberry Ringspot VirusRaspberry ringspot virust0pathogen
- Outcome
- Exclusion of the second straine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exclusion of the second strain increased with increasing interval between inoculations”
t0“Protoplasts Exposed to Two Strains of Raspberry Ringspot Virus”
e1“When tobacco protoplasts were inoculated simultaneously”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing virus concentration did not overcome second-strain exclusion.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- increasing the inoculum virus concentratione0
- Interactor
- Raspberry Ringspot VirusRaspberry ringspot virust0pathogen
- Outcome
- was not overcomee0
- Direction
- not overcomee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was not overcome by increasing the inoculum virus concentration”
t0“Protoplasts Exposed to Two Strains of Raspberry Ringspot Virus”
e1“When tobacco protoplasts were inoculated simultaneously”
Claim · model-written summary
Exclusion was weaker in RRV-E inoculated protoplasts than in RRV-S inoculated protoplasts.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Interactor
- RRV-Ee0pathogen
- Outcome
- It was less stronge0
- Direction
- less stronge0
- Comparator
- RRV-S-inoculated protoplastse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It was less strong in RRV-E-inoculated than in RRV-S-inoculated protoplasts, in which it was total by 12 h”
t0“Protoplasts Exposed to Two Strains of Raspberry Ringspot Virus”
e1“When tobacco protoplasts were inoculated simultaneously”
Claim · model-written summary
Exclusion in RRV-S inoculated protoplasts was total by 12 h.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Interactor
- RRV-Se0pathogen
- Outcome
- it was totale0
- Value
- 12 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It was less strong in RRV-E-inoculated than in RRV-S-inoculated protoplasts, in which it was total by 12 h”
t0“Protoplasts Exposed to Two Strains of Raspberry Ringspot Virus”
e1“When tobacco protoplasts were inoculated simultaneously”
Claim · model-written summary
Systemically RRV-S infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants showed no additional symptoms after RRV-E challenge.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianae0 - Treatment
- inoculated with RRV-Ee0
- Interactor
- RRV-Ee0pathogen
- Second interactor
- RRV-Se0pathogen
- Outcome
- additional symptomse0
- Direction
- did not develope0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nicotiana benthamiana plants systemically infected with RRV-S did not develop additional symptoms after their recovered leaves were inoculated with RRV-E”
Claim · model-written summary
Some RRV-S infected recovered-leaf protoplasts produced RRV-E antigen after challenge.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae1
- Interactor
- RRV-Ee0pathogen
- Second interactor
- RRV-Se0pathogen
- Outcome
- produced RRV-E antigene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“some RRV-S-infected protoplasts from recovered leaves produced RRV-E antigen after inoculation with RRV-E and TRV”
e1“Nicotiana benthamiana plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Only 11% of challenge-inoculated protoplasts produced RRV-E aggregates despite 99% TRV infection.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae1
- Interactor
- RRV-Ee0pathogen
- Second interactor
- TRVTobacco rattle viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- RRV-E antigen aggregates were producede0
- Value
- 11%e0
- Qualifier
- 99% of which became infected with TRVe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RRV-E antigen aggregates were produced in only 11% of the challenge-inoculated protoplasts, 99% of which became infected with TRV from the same inoculum”
e1“Nicotiana benthamiana plants”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · disease · Nicotiana benthamianaPositive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 31 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
36 papers more in this group
See all 40 papers →inoculation · Raspberry ringspot virus · Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.