Abstract
Summary Soybean ( Glycine max ) was grown at ambient and enhanced carbon dioxide (CO 2 , + 250 μL L −1 above ambient) with and without the presence of a C3 weed (lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L.) and a C4 weed (redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L.), in order to evaluate the impact of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO 2 ] on crop production losses due to weeds. Weeds of a given species were sown at a density of two per metre of row. A significant reduction in soybean seed yield was observed with either weed species relative to the weed‐free control at either [CO 2 ]. However, for lambsquarters the reduction in soybean seed yield relative to the weed‐free condition increased from 28 to 39% as CO 2 increased, with a 65% increase in the average dry weight of lambsquarters at enhanced [CO 2 ]. Conversely, for pigweed, soybean seed yield losses diminished with increasing [CO 2 ] from 45 to 30%, with no change in the average dry weight of pigweed. In a weed‐free environment, elevated [CO 2 ] resulted in a significant increase in vegetative dry weight and seed yield at maturity for soybean (33 and 24%, respectively) compared to the ambient CO 2 condition. Interestingly, the presence of either weed negated the ability of soybean to respond either vegetatively or reproductively to enhanced [CO 2 ]. Results from this experiment suggest: (i) that rising [CO 2 ] could alter current yield losses associated with competition from weeds; and (ii) that weed control will be crucial in realizing any potential increase in economic yield of agronomic crops such as soybean as atmospheric [CO 2 ] increases.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Lambsquarters reduced soybean seed yield relative to weed-free controls at either CO2 level.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- lambsquarterse1
- Interactor
- lambsquarterse1weed
- Outcome
- soybean seed yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- weed‐free controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A significant reduction in soybean seed yield was observed with either weed species relative to the weed‐free control at either [CO 2 ].”
e1“for lambsquarters the reduction in soybean seed yield relative to the weed‐free condition increased from 28 to 39% as CO 2 increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Pigweed reduced soybean seed yield relative to weed-free controls at either CO2 level.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- pigweede1
- Interactor
- pigweede1weed
- Outcome
- soybean seed yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- weed‐free controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A significant reduction in soybean seed yield was observed with either weed species relative to the weed‐free control at either [CO 2 ].”
e1“for pigweed, soybean seed yield losses diminished with increasing [CO 2 ] from 45 to 30%”
Claim · model-written summary
Lambsquarters-associated soybean yield loss rose from 28 to 39% with elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- CO 2e0
- Interactor
- lambsquarterse0weed
- Outcome
- reduction in soybean seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28 to 39%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for lambsquarters the reduction in soybean seed yield relative to the weed‐free condition increased from 28 to 39% as CO 2 increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Lambsquarters average dry weight increased 65% under enhanced CO2.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- enhanced [CO 2 ]e0
- Interactor
- lambsquarterse0weed
- Outcome
- average dry weight of lambsquarterse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 65%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with a 65% increase in the average dry weight of lambsquarters at enhanced [CO 2 ].”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Pigweed-associated soybean yield loss fell from 45 to 30% with elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- increasing [CO 2 ]e0
- Interactor
- pigweede0weed
- Outcome
- soybean seed yield lossese0
- Direction
- diminishede0
- Value
- 45 to 30%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for pigweed, soybean seed yield losses diminished with increasing [CO 2 ] from 45 to 30%”
Claim · model-written summary
Pigweed average dry weight did not change with increasing CO2.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- increasing [CO 2 ]e1
- Interactor
- pigweede0weed
- Outcome
- average dry weight of pigweede0
- Direction
- no changee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with no change in the average dry weight of pigweed.”
t0“Soybean”
e1“for pigweed, soybean seed yield losses diminished with increasing [CO 2 ] from 45 to 30%”
Claim · model-written summary
In weed-free soybean, elevated CO2 increased vegetative dry weight by 33%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- elevated [CO 2 ]e0
- Outcome
- vegetative dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 33e0
- Comparator
- ambient CO 2 conditione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a weed‐free environment, elevated [CO 2 ] resulted in a significant increase in vegetative dry weight and seed yield at maturity for soybean (33 and 24%, respectively) compared to the ambient CO 2 condition.”
Claim · model-written summary
In weed-free soybean, elevated CO2 increased seed yield by 24%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- elevated [CO 2 ]e0
- Outcome
- seed yield at maturitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 24%e0
- Comparator
- ambient CO 2 conditione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a weed‐free environment, elevated [CO 2 ] resulted in a significant increase in vegetative dry weight and seed yield at maturity for soybean (33 and 24%, respectively) compared to the ambient CO 2 condition.”
Claim · model-written summary
Either weed negated soybean vegetative response to enhanced CO2.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- presence of either weede0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- respond either vegetativelye0
- Direction
- negatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the presence of either weed negated the ability of soybean to respond either vegetatively or reproductively to enhanced [CO 2 ].”
Claim · model-written summary
Either weed negated soybean reproductive response to enhanced CO2.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- presence of either weede0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- reproductivelye0
- Direction
- negatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the presence of either weed negated the ability of soybean to respond either vegetatively or reproductively to enhanced [CO 2 ].”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend weed control to realize potential yield gains under rising CO2.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed control will be cruciale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“weed control will be crucial in realizing any potential increase in economic yield of agronomic crops such as soybean as atmospheric [CO 2 ] increases.”
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See all 101 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.