Abstract
Pollination by deceit in Myristica insipida, a beetle-pollinated nutmeg, was hypothesized to operate on intersexual differences in flower production and longevity, producing a daily fluctuation between floral display maxima and minima. Sticky traps were used to continuously monitor beetle activity. Flower production and naturally occurring intersexual differences in display were recorded. Male and female trees flowered in synchrony producing daily display maxima at 1800-0600 and display minima at 1400-1800. Rewarding male trees produced three times the number of flowers of female trees, but the greater longevity of female flowers reduced the intersexual difference in display maxima to a factor of two. There was no intersexual difference in display minima. Beetles were demonstrated to be sensitive to differences in both maximum and minimum displays on rewarding male trees, a necessary prerequisite for directional selection on display size. Beetle captures were significantly higher at male trees during floral display maxima, and no intersexual differences in capture rate occurred during floral display minima. However, capture rates at male trees did not decline as predicted, and the pattern of captures was consistent with crepuscular activity. Beetle captures at male and female trees were lower from 1800 to 0600 and 1000 to 1400, and higher from 0600 to 1000 and 1400 to 1800, but the differences were only significant at female trees. These data suggests that foraging errors are numerous, frequent, and the result of overall foraging activity.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Male and female trees flowered synchronously with daily display maxima at 1800-0600 and minima at 1400-1800.
- Taxon
- Myristica insipida
Myristica insipidat0 - Organ / stage
- Male and female treese0
- Outcome
- flowered in synchrony producing daily display maxima at 1800-0600 and display minima at 1400-1800e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Male and female trees flowered in synchrony producing daily display maxima at 1800-0600 and display minima at 1400-1800”
t0“Myristica insipida”
Claim · model-written summary
Rewarding male trees produced three times as many flowers as female trees.
- Taxon
- Myristica insipidaMyristica insipidat0
- Outcome
- number of flowerse0
- Direction
- three timese0
- Value
- three timese0
- Comparator
- female treese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rewarding male trees produced three times the number of flowers of female trees”
t0“Myristica insipida”
Claim · model-written summary
Longer-lived female flowers reduced the difference in display maxima to a factor of two.
- Taxon
- Myristica insipidaMyristica insipidat0
- Organ / stage
- female flowerse0
- Outcome
- intersexual difference in display maximae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- a factor of twoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the greater longevity of female flowers reduced the intersexual difference in display maxima to a factor of two”
t0“Myristica insipida”
Claim · model-written summary
Display minima did not differ between sexes.
- Taxon
- Myristica insipidaMyristica insipidat0
- Outcome
- display minimae0
- Direction
- no intersexual differencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no intersexual difference in display minima”
t0“Myristica insipida”
Claim · model-written summary
Beetles distinguished maximum and minimum displays on rewarding male trees.
- Taxon
- Myristica insipidaMyristica insipidat0
- Interactor
- BeetlesColeopterae0pollinator
- Outcome
- Beetles were demonstrated to be sensitive to differences in both maximum and minimum displayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Beetles were demonstrated to be sensitive to differences in both maximum and minimum displays on rewarding male trees”
t0“Myristica insipida”
Claim · model-written summary
Beetle captures were significantly higher at male trees during display maxima.
- Taxon
- Myristica insipidaMyristica insipidat0
- Organ / stage
- male treese0
- Interactor
- Beetlee0pollinator
- Outcome
- Beetle capturese0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Beetle captures were significantly higher at male trees during floral display maxima”
t0“Myristica insipida”
Claim · model-written summary
Capture rates did not differ between sexes during floral display minima.
- Taxon
- Myristica insipidaMyristica insipidat0
- Interactor
- beetlet1pollinator
- Outcome
- capture ratee0
- Direction
- no intersexual differencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no intersexual differences in capture rate occurred during floral display minima”
t0“Myristica insipida”
t1“beetle activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Male-tree capture rates did not decline as predicted.
- Taxon
- Myristica insipidaMyristica insipidat0
- Organ / stage
- male treese0
- Interactor
- beetlet1pollinator
- Outcome
- capture ratese0
- Direction
- did not declinee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“capture rates at male trees did not decline as predicted”
t0“Myristica insipida”
t1“beetle activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Capture patterns were consistent with crepuscular activity.
- Taxon
- Myristica insipidaMyristica insipidat0
- Interactor
- beetlet1pollinator
- Outcome
- pattern of captures was consistent with crepuscular activitye0
- Qualifier
- crepuscular activitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the pattern of captures was consistent with crepuscular activity”
t0“Myristica insipida”
t1“beetle activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Captures at both tree sexes were lower from 1800 to 0600 and 1000 to 1400.
- Taxon
- Myristica insipidaMyristica insipidat0
- Interactor
- Beetlee0pollinator
- Outcome
- Beetle capturese0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Beetle captures at male and female trees were lower from 1800 to 0600 and 1000 to 1400”
t0“Myristica insipida”
Claim · model-written summary
Captures at both tree sexes were higher from 0600 to 1000 and 1400 to 1800, with significant differences only at female trees.
- Taxon
- Myristica insipidaMyristica insipidat0
- Interactor
- beetlet1pollinator
- Outcome
- capturese1
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- only significant at female treese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher from 0600 to 1000 and 1400 to 1800, but the differences were only significant at female trees”
t0“Myristica insipida”
t1“beetle activity”
e1“Beetle captures were significantly higher at male trees during floral display maxima”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that foraging errors are numerous and frequent and reflect overall foraging activity.
- Taxon
- Myristica insipidaMyristica insipidat0
- Interactor
- beetlet1pollinator
- Outcome
- foraging errors are numerous, frequent, and the result of overall foraging activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foraging errors are numerous, frequent, and the result of overall foraging activity”
t0“Myristica insipida”
t1“beetle activity”