Abstract
The BARE retrotransposon family comprises more than 10(4) copies in the barley (Hordeum vulgare) genome. The element is bounded by long terminal repeats (LTRs, 1829 bp) containing promoters and RNA-processing motifs required for retrotransposon replication. Members of the BARE1 subfamily are transcribed, translated, and form virus-like particles. Very similar retrotransposons are expressed as RNA and protein in other cereals and grasses. The BARE2 subfamily is, however, non-autonomous because it cannot produce the GAG capsid protein. The pattern of plant development implies that inheritance of integrated copies should critically depend, in the first instance, on cell-specific and tissue-specific expression patterns. We examined transcription of BARE within different barley tissues and analyzed the promoter function of the BARE LTR. The two promoters of the LTR vary independently in activity by tissue. In embryos TATA1 was almost inactive, whereas transcription in callus appears to be less tightly regulated than in other tissues. Deletion analyses of the LTR uncovered strong positive and negative regulatory elements. The promoters produce multiple groups of transcripts that are distinct by their start and stop points, by their sequences, and by whether they are polyadenylated. Some of these groups do not share the common end structures needed for template switching during replication. Only about 15% of BARE transcripts are polyadenylated. The data suggest that distinct subfamilies of transcripts may play independent roles in providing the proteins and replication templates for the BARE retrotransposon life cycle.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
The BARE family has more than 10(4) copies in the barley genome.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Gene
- BAREe0
- Outcome
- copiese0
- Value
- more than 10(4) copiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The BARE retrotransposon family comprises more than 10(4) copies in the barley (Hordeum vulgare) genome.”
Claim · model-written summary
BARE1 elements are transcribed, translated, and form virus-like particles.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Members of the BARE1 subfamily are transcribed, translated, and form virus-like particles.”
Claim · model-written summary
BARE2 elements cannot produce the GAG capsid protein.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The BARE2 subfamily is, however, non-autonomous because it cannot produce the GAG capsid protein.”
Claim · model-written summary
The two BARE LTR promoters vary independently in activity among tissues.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The two promoters of the LTR vary independently in activity by tissue.”
Claim · model-written summary
TATA1 was almost inactive in embryos.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“In embryos TATA1 was almost inactive, whereas transcription in callus appears to be less tightly regulated than in other tissues.”
Claim · model-written summary
BARE transcription appeared less tightly regulated in callus than other tissues.
- Organ / stage
- calluse0
- Outcome
- transcription in callus appears to be less tightly regulated than in other tissuese0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“In embryos TATA1 was almost inactive, whereas transcription in callus appears to be less tightly regulated than in other tissues.”
Claim · model-written summary
LTR deletions revealed strong positive and negative regulatory elements.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Deletion analyses of the LTR uncovered strong positive and negative regulatory elements.”
Claim · model-written summary
The promoters generated transcript groups differing in ends, sequences, and polyadenylation.
- Outcome
- multiple groups of transcriptse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The promoters produce multiple groups of transcripts that are distinct by their start and stop points, by their sequences, and by whether they are polyadenylated.”
Claim · model-written summary
Some transcript groups lack common end structures needed for template switching.
- Outcome
- do not share the common end structures needed for template switchinge0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Some of these groups do not share the common end structures needed for template switching during replication.”
Claim · model-written summary
Only about 15% of BARE transcripts are polyadenylated.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Only about 15% of BARE transcripts are polyadenylated.”
Claim · model-written summary
Distinct BARE transcript subfamilies may separately supply proteins and replication templates.
- Gene
- BAREe0
- Outcome
- providing the proteins and replication templatese0
- Qualifier
- may play independent rolese0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The data suggest that distinct subfamilies of transcripts may play independent roles in providing the proteins and replication templates for the BARE retrotransposon life cycle.”