Abstract
Field experiments were conducted to determine whether exposure to reduced red : far-red light ratios (R : FR) typical of crop–weed environments was associated with adaptive changes in morphology, productivity, and fecundity of common lambsquarters. Plants were grown in reduced or ambient R : FR environments (both in full sunlight) until initiation of flowering, after which plants were grown in full sunlight or partial shade. At initiation of flowering, plants that had been exposed to reduced R : FR exhibited greater specific leaf area, stem elongation, main stem leaf area, specific stem length, and main stem mass compared with plants exposed to ambient R : FR. However, biomass allocation to stems, leaves, and roots did not differ between vegetative-stage R : FR treatments. At the end of flowering, morphology and productivity of plants exposed to partial shade did not differ between vegetative-stage R : FR treatments. In contrast, plants exposed to full sunlight during flowering after exposure to reduced R : FR during the vegetative stage had less total plant mass, less total leaf area, greater stem elongation, greater specific stem length, and a greater ratio of main stem to total stem mass compared with plants exposed to ambient R : FR during the vegetative stage. At physiological maturity, plants exposed to reduced R : FR during the vegetative stage and to partial shade during the reproductive stage had less total seed mass and fewer seeds compared with plants exposed to ambient R : FR during the vegetative stage and to partial shade during the reproductive stage. Fecundity of plants exposed to full sunlight during the reproductive stage did not differ between vegetative-stage R : FR treatments. These results indicate that exposure of common lambsquarters to reduced R : FR during the vegetative stage was maladaptive at later stages of growth in competitive environments, and suggest that interactions of light quality and quantity are important determinants of common lambsquarters fecundity.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
At initiation of flowering, plants exposed to reduced R:FR had greater specific leaf area, stem elongation and main stem leaf area than plants under ambient R:FR.
- Taxon
- Common Lambsquarters
Chenopodium albumt0 - Organ / stage
- initiation of floweringe0
- Treatment
- reduced R : FRe0
- Outcome
- specific leaf area, stem elongation, main stem leaf areae0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- ambient R : FRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)”
e0“At initiation of flowering, plants that had been exposed to reduced R : FR exhibited greater specific leaf area, stem elongation, main stem leaf area, specific stem length, and main stem mass compared with plants exposed to ambient R : FR”
Claim · model-written summary
At initiation of flowering, plants exposed to reduced R:FR had greater specific stem length and main stem mass than plants under ambient R:FR.
- Taxon
- Common LambsquartersChenopodium albumt0
- Organ / stage
- initiation of floweringe0
- Treatment
- reduced R : FRe0
- Outcome
- specific stem length, and main stem masse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- ambient R : FRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)”
e0“At initiation of flowering, plants that had been exposed to reduced R : FR exhibited greater specific leaf area, stem elongation, main stem leaf area, specific stem length, and main stem mass compared with plants exposed to ambient R : FR”
Claim · model-written summary
Biomass allocation to stems, leaves and roots did not differ between vegetative-stage R:FR treatments.
- Taxon
- Common LambsquartersChenopodium albumt0
- Treatment
- vegetative-stage R : FR treatmentse0
- Outcome
- biomass allocation to stems, leaves, and rootse0
- Direction
- did not differe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)”
e0“biomass allocation to stems, leaves, and roots did not differ between vegetative-stage R : FR treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
At the end of flowering, morphology and productivity of plants in partial shade did not differ between vegetative-stage R:FR treatments.
- Taxon
- Common LambsquartersChenopodium albumt0
- Organ / stage
- end of floweringe0
- Treatment
- vegetative-stage R : FR treatmentse0
- Outcome
- morphology and productivitye0
- Direction
- did not differe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)”
e0“At the end of flowering, morphology and productivity of plants exposed to partial shade did not differ between vegetative-stage R : FR treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants in full sunlight during flowering after reduced vegetative-stage R:FR had less total plant mass and less total leaf area than plants given ambient R:FR.
- Taxon
- Common LambsquartersChenopodium albumt0
- Treatment
- reduced R : FR during the vegetative stagee0
- Outcome
- total plant mass, less total leaf areae0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- ambient R : FR during the vegetative stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)”
e0“plants exposed to full sunlight during flowering after exposure to reduced R : FR during the vegetative stage had less total plant mass, less total leaf area, greater stem elongation, greater specific stem length, and a greater ratio of main stem to total stem mass compared with plants exposed to ambient R : FR during the vegetative stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants in full sunlight during flowering after reduced vegetative-stage R:FR had greater stem elongation, specific stem length and ratio of main stem to total stem mass than plants given ambient R:FR.
- Taxon
- Common LambsquartersChenopodium albumt0
- Treatment
- reduced R : FR during the vegetative stagee0
- Outcome
- stem elongation, greater specific stem length, and a greater ratio of main stem to total stem masse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- ambient R : FR during the vegetative stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)”
e0“plants exposed to full sunlight during flowering after exposure to reduced R : FR during the vegetative stage had less total plant mass, less total leaf area, greater stem elongation, greater specific stem length, and a greater ratio of main stem to total stem mass compared with plants exposed to ambient R : FR during the vegetative stage”
Claim · model-written summary
At physiological maturity, plants given reduced vegetative-stage R:FR and partial shade in the reproductive stage had less total seed mass and fewer seeds than plants given ambient R:FR and partial shade.
- Taxon
- Common LambsquartersChenopodium albumt0
- Treatment
- reduced R : FR during the vegetative stage and to partial shade during the reproductive stagee0
- Outcome
- total seed mass and fewer seedse0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- ambient R : FR during the vegetative stage and to partial shade during the reproductive stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)”
e0“plants exposed to reduced R : FR during the vegetative stage and to partial shade during the reproductive stage had less total seed mass and fewer seeds compared with plants exposed to ambient R : FR during the vegetative stage and to partial shade during the reproductive stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Fecundity of plants in full sunlight during the reproductive stage did not differ between vegetative-stage R:FR treatments.
- Taxon
- Common LambsquartersChenopodium albumt0
- Treatment
- vegetative-stage R : FR treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Fecunditye0
- Direction
- did not differe0
- Setting
- full sunlighte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)”
e0“Fecundity of plants exposed to full sunlight during the reproductive stage did not differ between vegetative-stage R : FR treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret reduced vegetative-stage R:FR as maladaptive at later growth stages of common lambsquarters in competitive environments.
- Taxon
- common lambsquartersChenopodium albume0
- Treatment
- reduced R : FR during the vegetative stagee0
- Outcome
- maladaptivee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exposure of common lambsquarters to reduced R : FR during the vegetative stage was maladaptive at later stages of growth in competitive environments”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that interactions of light quality and quantity are important determinants of common lambsquarters fecundity.
- Taxon
- common lambsquartersChenopodium albume0
- Treatment
- interactions of light quality and quantitye0
- Outcome
- fecunditye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interactions of light quality and quantity are important determinants of common lambsquarters fecundity”