Abstract
Floods are major constraints to crop production worldwide. In low-lying, flood-prone areas of the tropics, longer-term partial submergence (stagnant flooding [SF]) greatly reduces rice yield. This study assesses shoot growth and several physiological mechanisms associated with SF tolerance in rice. Five rice genotypes with contrasting responses to SF were evaluated in field ponds. Following transplanting, floodwater was gradually increased at a rate of ∼2 cm day(-1) to reach a final depth of 50 cm and then maintained until maturity. Although plants were not fully submerged, the yield was reduced by 47 % across genotypes compared with those grown under control conditions (6.1 vs. 3.3 t ha(-1)). This reduction was mainly attributed to the reduction in biomass caused by reduced light interception and leaf growth above the water. Stagnant flooding also reduced panicle number per unit area by 52 % because of reduced tillering. Shoot elongation rate kept pace with rising floodwater and correlated positively with leaf growth and biomass production. Conversely, stem non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentration correlated negatively with shoot elongation rate, suggesting that fast-elongating genotypes actively consume NSCs to avoid complete submergence. Moderate shoot elongation rate strongly and positively correlated with grain yield under SF; however, elongation at rates >2.0 cm day(-1) was associated with reduced harvest index due to a smaller panicle size and increased lodging. Tolerant varieties were found to be either inherently tall or elongate moderately with rising floodwater. Our studies suggest that to improve tolerance of SF an appropriate phenotype should combine both of these traits. Fine-tuning for optimum shoot elongation with rising floodwater is, therefore, a priority for future work.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Stagnant flooding reduced rice yield by 47% across genotypes compared with control conditions.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Material
- rice genotypese1
- Treatment
- stagnant floodinge0
- Outcome
- yielde2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 47 %e2
- Comparator
- control conditionse2
- Setting
- field pondse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“longer-term partial submergence (stagnant flooding [SF]) greatly reduces rice yield”
e1“Five rice genotypes with contrasting responses to SF were evaluated in field ponds”
e2“the yield was reduced by 47 % across genotypes compared with those grown under control conditions (6.1 vs. 3.3 t ha(-1))”
Claim · model-written summary
Stagnant flooding reduced rice panicle number per unit area by 52% because of reduced tillering.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Stagnant floodinge4
- Outcome
- panicle number per unit areae4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 52 %e4
- Qualifier
- because of reduced tilleringe4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“longer-term partial submergence (stagnant flooding [SF]) greatly reduces rice yield”
e4“Stagnant flooding also reduced panicle number per unit area by 52 % because of reduced tillering”
Claim · model-written summary
The rice yield reduction under stagnant flooding was mainly attributed to reduced biomass caused by reduced light interception and leaf growth above the water.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- stagnant floodinge0
- Outcome
- yielde2
- Qualifier
- reduced light interception and leaf growth above the watere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“longer-term partial submergence (stagnant flooding [SF]) greatly reduces rice yield”
e2“the yield was reduced by 47 % across genotypes compared with those grown under control conditions (6.1 vs. 3.3 t ha(-1))”
e3“This reduction was mainly attributed to the reduction in biomass caused by reduced light interception and leaf growth above the water”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot elongation rate that kept pace with rising floodwater correlated positively with leaf growth and biomass production in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- rising floodwatere5
- Outcome
- leaf growth and biomass productione5
- Direction
- correlated positivelye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“longer-term partial submergence (stagnant flooding [SF]) greatly reduces rice yield”
e5“Shoot elongation rate kept pace with rising floodwater and correlated positively with leaf growth and biomass production”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem non-structural carbohydrate concentration correlated negatively with shoot elongation rate in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Compound
- non-structural carbohydrate (NSC)e6
- Outcome
- shoot elongation ratee6
- Direction
- correlated negativelye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“longer-term partial submergence (stagnant flooding [SF]) greatly reduces rice yield”
e6“stem non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentration correlated negatively with shoot elongation rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Fast-elongating rice genotypes may actively consume stem NSCs to avoid complete submergence.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Compound
- non-structural carbohydrate (NSC)e6
- Outcome
- shoot elongation ratee6
- Qualifier
- fast-elongating genotypes actively consume NSCs to avoid complete submergencee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“longer-term partial submergence (stagnant flooding [SF]) greatly reduces rice yield”
e6“stem non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentration correlated negatively with shoot elongation rate, suggesting that fast-elongating genotypes actively consume NSCs to avoid complete submergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate shoot elongation rate was strongly and positively correlated with grain yield under stagnant flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Moderate shoot elongation ratee7
- Outcome
- grain yielde7
- Direction
- strongly and positively correlatede7
- Qualifier
- under SFe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“longer-term partial submergence (stagnant flooding [SF]) greatly reduces rice yield”
e7“Moderate shoot elongation rate strongly and positively correlated with grain yield under SF”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot elongation at rates above 2.0 cm per day was associated with reduced harvest index in rice, due to smaller panicle size.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- elongation at rates >2.0 cm day(-1)e1
- Outcome
- harvest indexe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- smaller panicle sizee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“longer-term partial submergence (stagnant flooding [SF]) greatly reduces rice yield”
e1“elongation at rates >2.0 cm day(-1) was associated with reduced harvest index due to a smaller panicle size and increased lodging”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot elongation at rates above 2.0 cm per day was associated with increased lodging in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- elongation at rates >2.0 cm day(-1)e1
- Outcome
- lodginge1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“longer-term partial submergence (stagnant flooding [SF]) greatly reduces rice yield”
e1“elongation at rates >2.0 cm day(-1) was associated with reduced harvest index due to a smaller panicle size and increased lodging”
Claim · model-written summary
Tolerant rice varieties were either inherently tall or elongated moderately with rising floodwater.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- inherently tall or elongate moderately with rising floodwatere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Five rice genotypes with contrasting responses to SF were evaluated in field ponds”
e2“Tolerant varieties were found to be either inherently tall or elongate moderately with rising floodwater”
Claim · model-written summary
An appropriate rice phenotype for improving tolerance of stagnant flooding should combine tall stature with moderate shoot elongation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- an appropriate phenotype should combine both of these traitse2
- Qualifier
- to improve tolerance of SFe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Five rice genotypes with contrasting responses to SF were evaluated in field ponds”
e2“Our studies suggest that to improve tolerance of SF an appropriate phenotype should combine both of these traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Fine-tuning optimum shoot elongation with rising floodwater is a priority for future rice work.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- Fine-tuning for optimum shoot elongation with rising floodwatere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Five rice genotypes with contrasting responses to SF were evaluated in field ponds”
e2“Fine-tuning for optimum shoot elongation with rising floodwater is, therefore, a priority for future work”
The same questions in other papers
flooding · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
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- negative
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