Abstract
Abstract. A field experiment was designed to study the effects of nitrogen (N) source and urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) or nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) on nitrous oxide (N2O) emission and N use efficiency (NUE) in a sandy loam soil. Six treatments including no N fertilizer (control), N fertilizer urea alone (U), urea plus NBPT (NBPT), urea plus DCD (DCD), urea plus NBPT and DCD (NBPT plus DCD) and nitrate-based fertilizer nitrophosphate (NP) were designed and implemented separately during the wheat growth period. Seasonal cumulative N2O emissions with urea alone amounted to 0.49 ± 0.12 kg N2O-N ha−1 and were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced to 0.28 ± 0.03, 0.31 ± 0.01 and 0.26 ± 0.01 kg N2O-N ha−1 by application of DCD, NBPT and NBPT plus DCD, respectively. Cumulative N2O emissions from NP were 0.28 ± 0.01 kg N2O-N ha−1. A single N2O flux peak was identified following basal fertilization, and DCD and/or NBPT inhibition effects mainly occurred during the peak emission period. The NP application significantly (P < 0.05) increased wheat yield by 12.3% and NUE from 28.8% (urea alone) to 35.9%, while urease and/or nitrification inhibitors showed a slight increase effect. Our results clearly indicated that the application of urea as basal fertilizer, but not as supplemental fertilizer, together with DCD and NBPT is an effective practice to reduce N2O emissions. The application of NP instead of urea would be an optimum agricultural strategy for reducing N2O emissions and increasing crop yield and NUE for wheat cultivation in soils of the North China Plain.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
DCD with urea reduced cumulative nitrous oxide emissions relative to urea alone.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- DCDe0
- Outcome
- Seasonal cumulative N2O emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 0.28 ± 0.03e0
- Comparator
- urea alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seasonal cumulative N2O emissions with urea alone amounted to 0.49 ± 0.12 kg N2O-N ha−1 and were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced to 0.28 ± 0.03, 0.31 ± 0.01 and 0.26 ± 0.01 kg N2O-N ha−1 by application of DCD, NBPT and NBPT plus DCD, respectively”
t0“wheat cultivated soil”
Claim · model-written summary
NBPT with urea reduced cumulative nitrous oxide emissions relative to urea alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NBPTe0
- Outcome
- Seasonal cumulative N2O emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 0.31 ± 0.01e0
- Comparator
- urea alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seasonal cumulative N2O emissions with urea alone amounted to 0.49 ± 0.12 kg N2O-N ha−1 and were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced to 0.28 ± 0.03, 0.31 ± 0.01 and 0.26 ± 0.01 kg N2O-N ha−1 by application of DCD, NBPT and NBPT plus DCD, respectively”
t0“wheat cultivated soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined NBPT and DCD reduced cumulative nitrous oxide emissions relative to urea alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NBPT plus DCDe0
- Outcome
- Seasonal cumulative N2O emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 0.26 ± 0.01 kg N2O-N ha−1e0
- Comparator
- urea alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seasonal cumulative N2O emissions with urea alone amounted to 0.49 ± 0.12 kg N2O-N ha−1 and were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced to 0.28 ± 0.03, 0.31 ± 0.01 and 0.26 ± 0.01 kg N2O-N ha−1 by application of DCD, NBPT and NBPT plus DCD, respectively”
t0“wheat cultivated soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrophosphate produced cumulative N2O emissions of 0.28 ± 0.01 kg N2O-N per hectare.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NPe0
- Outcome
- Cumulative N2O emissionse0
- Value
- 0.28 ± 0.01 kg N2O-N ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cumulative N2O emissions from NP were 0.28 ± 0.01 kg N2O-N ha−1”
t0“wheat cultivated soil”
Claim · model-written summary
A single nitrous oxide flux peak followed basal fertilization.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- basal fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- single N2O flux peake0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A single N2O flux peak was identified following basal fertilization”
t0“wheat cultivated soil”
Claim · model-written summary
DCD and NBPT inhibition mainly occurred during peak emissions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- DCD and/or NBPTe0
- Outcome
- inhibition effectse0
- Qualifier
- peak emission periode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DCD and/or NBPT inhibition effects mainly occurred during the peak emission period”
t0“wheat cultivated soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrophosphate increased wheat yield by 12.3%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NP applicatione0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12.3%e0
- Comparator
- urea alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NP application significantly (P < 0.05) increased wheat yield by 12.3% and NUE from 28.8% (urea alone) to 35.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrophosphate raised nitrogen use efficiency from 28.8% with urea alone to 35.9%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NP applicatione0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 35.9%e0
- Qualifier
- 28.8%e0
- Comparator
- urea alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NP application significantly (P < 0.05) increased wheat yield by 12.3% and NUE from 28.8% (urea alone) to 35.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
Urease or nitrification inhibitors slightly increased yield or efficiency.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- urease and/or nitrification inhibitorse0
- Outcome
- slight increase effecte0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while urease and/or nitrification inhibitors showed a slight increase effect”
t0“wheat cultivated soil”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend basal urea with DCD and NBPT to reduce emissions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- urea as basal fertilizer, but not as supplemental fertilizer, together with DCD and NBPTe0
- Outcome
- effective practice to reduce N2O emissionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of urea as basal fertilizer, but not as supplemental fertilizer, together with DCD and NBPT is an effective practice to reduce N2O emissions”
t0“wheat cultivated soil”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend nitrophosphate instead of urea for lower emissions and higher yield and NUE.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NPe0
- Outcome
- reducing N2O emissions and increasing crop yield and NUEe0
- Comparator
- ureae0
- Setting
- North China Plaine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of NP instead of urea would be an optimum agricultural strategy for reducing N2O emissions and increasing crop yield and NUE for wheat cultivation in soils of the North China Plain”
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