Abstract
SUMMARY The selective forces acting to maintain a copious production of uniformly sized pollen grains in wind‐pollinated plants were investigated among species in the genus Plantago and at the population level in P. lanceolata. The species with cleistogamous (closed) flowers produce far less pollen of more variable average diameters than the species with chasmogamous (open) flowers. Pollen grains of P. lanceolata captured by stigmas of female plants were smaller than a general sample of pollen collected from the anthers of perfect plants, indicating that large pollen grains are not as effective as small grains in wind dispersal. The rapid decrease in pollen density on the stigmas of P. lanceolata with increasing distances from the pollen sources suggests that plants of this self‐incompatible species must produce great amounts of pollen in order to pollinate nearby plants. The cost of this high pollen production associated with wind pollination can be seen in P. lanceolata in the increased production of reproductive tissue and larger seeds in female plants when compared with normal plants.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Cleistogamous Plantago species produced much less pollen than chasmogamous species.
- Taxon
- speciese0
- Organ / stage
- pollene0
- Outcome
- pollene0
- Direction
- far lesse0
- Comparator
- species with chasmogamous (open) flowerse0
Not reportedMaterial
Verbatim
e0“The species with cleistogamous (closed) flowers produce far less pollen of more variable average diameters than the species with chasmogamous (open) flowers.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cleistogamous Plantago species had more variable mean pollen diameters than chasmogamous species.
Verbatim
e0“The species with cleistogamous (closed) flowers produce far less pollen of more variable average diameters than the species with chasmogamous (open) flowers.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pollen caught on female P. lanceolata stigmas was smaller than a general sample from perfect-plant anthers.
- Taxon
- P. lanceolata
Plantago lanceolatae0 - Organ / stage
- Pollen grainse0
- Outcome
- Pollen grainse0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Comparator
- a general sample of pollen collected from the anthers of perfect plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pollen grains of P. lanceolata captured by stigmas of female plants were smaller than a general sample of pollen collected from the anthers of perfect plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that large Plantago pollen grains disperse less effectively by wind than small grains.
- Organ / stage
- pollen grainse0
- Outcome
- wind dispersale0
- Direction
- not as effectivee0
- Comparator
- small grainse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“indicating that large pollen grains are not as effective as small grains in wind dispersal”
Claim · model-written summary
Pollen density on P. lanceolata stigmas fell rapidly with increasing distance from pollen sources.
- Taxon
- P. lanceolataPlantago lanceolatae0
- Organ / stage
- stigmase0
- Outcome
- pollen densitye0
- Direction
- rapid decreasee0
- Qualifier
- with increasing distances from the pollen sourcese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rapid decrease in pollen density on the stigmas of P. lanceolata with increasing distances from the pollen sources”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that self-incompatible P. lanceolata must produce abundant pollen to pollinate nearby plants.
- Taxon
- P. lanceolataPlantago lanceolatae1
- Organ / stage
- pollene0
- Outcome
- pollinate nearby plantse0
- Qualifier
- self‐incompatible speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants of this self‐incompatible species must produce great amounts of pollen in order to pollinate nearby plants”
e1“P. lanceolata with increasing distances from the pollen sources”
Claim · model-written summary
Female P. lanceolata plants produced more reproductive tissue than normal plants.
- Taxon
- P. lanceolataPlantago lanceolatae1
- Material
- female plantse0
- Outcome
- reproductive tissuee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- normal plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased production of reproductive tissue and larger seeds in female plants when compared with normal plants”
e1“P. lanceolata in the increased production”
Claim · model-written summary
Female P. lanceolata plants had larger seeds than normal plants.
- Taxon
- P. lanceolataPlantago lanceolatae1
- Material
- female plantse0
- Outcome
- seedse0
- Direction
- largere0
- Comparator
- normal plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“larger seeds in female plants when compared with normal plants”
e1“P. lanceolata in the increased production”