Abstract
Experiments in south-east England are described in which insecticides were tested against the Carabid beetles Harpahis rufipcs (Deg.) and Feronia melanaria(111.) , which cause damage to strawberry fruits. In preliminary screening tests, the mortality of H. rufipex was low when adults were caged with fruits or straw treated with rotenone at 0·004 per cent, or with carbaryl, DDT, dimethoate, malathion, mevinphos, nicotine, TEPP, toxaphene and trichlorphon at one or more concentrations in the range 0–06–0–2 per cent. In small-scale field trials, γ BHC at 0·026 per cent, gave poor results but chlordane and dieldrin exhibited persistent toxicity. In further tests with fruits, field-weathered deposits from sprays containing 0·1 or 0·2 per cent, dieldrin caused over 90 per cent, mortality for 7 and 21 days, respectively, but left residues at harvest of 0·5 p.p.m., which were considered too high for consumer safety. Dieldrin applied to soil at 5 lb. per acre resulted in 100 per cent, mortality for 28 days in 1957, but gave very variable results in 1958. Conversely, aldrin at 5 lb. gave effective mortality for only 14 days in 1957 but for the maximum test period of 89 days in 1958; no satisfactory explanation was found for the seasonal differences. Aldrin at 10 lb. per acre gave 100 per cent, mortality for 77 and 89 days, respectively, in the two years. Tests of soils into which measured quantities of insecticide had been incorporated, resulted in 100 per cent, mortality, after 4 days' exposure, with aldrin and dieldrin at levels of 2–4 and 16–32 p.p.m., respectively; endrin at 64 p.p.m. was only slightly toxic. In field trials in 1959–60, application of aldrin at 10 lb. per acre to the surface of the soil around the plants in sprays in late April immediately before flowering, or at 5 lb. per acre in late May before laying straw below the fruit, reduced fruit damage due to H. rufipes or F. melanaria by 66–94 per cent. Residues at harvest were of the order of 0·03 p.p.m., and no effect on flavour was detected in processed fruit from plots treated at either time of application.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Several screened insecticides caused low H. rufipex mortality.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Interactor
- H. rufipexe0pest
- Outcome
- mortality of H. rufipexe0
- Direction
- lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the mortality of H. rufipex was low when adults were caged with fruits or straw treated with rotenone at 0·004 per cent, or with carbaryl, DDT, dimethoate, malathion, mevinphos, nicotine, TEPP, toxaphene and trichlorphon at one or more concentrations in the range 0–06–0–2 per cent.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Gamma BHC gave poor field results.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- γ BHC at 0·026 per cente0
- Outcome
- poor resultse0
- Direction
- poore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“γ BHC at 0·026 per cent, gave poor results”
t0“ground beetles (Col., Carabidae) attacking strawberry fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlordane exhibited persistent toxicity.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- chlordanee0
- Outcome
- persistent toxicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlordane and dieldrin exhibited persistent toxicity.”
t0“ground beetles (Col., Carabidae) attacking strawberry fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Dieldrin exhibited persistent toxicity.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- dieldrine0
- Outcome
- persistent toxicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlordane and dieldrin exhibited persistent toxicity.”
t0“ground beetles (Col., Carabidae) attacking strawberry fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Weathered 0·1 per cent dieldrin caused over 90 per cent mortality for 7 days.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- 0·1e0
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Value
- over 90 per cente0
- Qualifier
- 7e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“0·1 or 0·2 per cent, dieldrin caused over 90 per cent, mortality for 7 and 21 days, respectively”
t0“ground beetles (Col., Carabidae) attacking strawberry fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Weathered 0·2 per cent dieldrin caused over 90 per cent mortality for 21 days.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- 0·2 per cent, dieldrine0
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Value
- over 90 per cente0
- Qualifier
- 21 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“0·1 or 0·2 per cent, dieldrin caused over 90 per cent, mortality for 7 and 21 days, respectively”
t0“ground beetles (Col., Carabidae) attacking strawberry fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Dieldrin fruit spray left 0·5 p.p.m. residues at harvest.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- residues at harveste0
- Value
- 0·5 p.p.m.e0
- Qualifier
- too high for consumer safetye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“left residues at harvest of 0·5 p.p.m., which were considered too high for consumer safety.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil dieldrin at 5 lb. per acre caused 100 per cent mortality for 28 days in 1957.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Dieldrin applied to soil at 5 lb. per acree0
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 100 per cente0
- Qualifier
- 28 days in 1957e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dieldrin applied to soil at 5 lb. per acre resulted in 100 per cent, mortality for 28 days in 1957”
t0“ground beetles (Col., Carabidae) attacking strawberry fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
The same soil dieldrin treatment gave variable results in 1958.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- very variable resultse0
- Qualifier
- 1958e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but gave very variable results in 1958.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Aldrin at 5 lb. was effective for 14 days in 1957.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- aldrin at 5 lb.e0
- Outcome
- effective mortalitye0
- Value
- 14 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“aldrin at 5 lb. gave effective mortality for only 14 days in 1957”
t0“ground beetles (Col., Carabidae) attacking strawberry fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Aldrin at 5 lb. was effective for 89 days in 1958.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- maximum test periode0
- Value
- 89 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for the maximum test period of 89 days in 1958”
t0“ground beetles (Col., Carabidae) attacking strawberry fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Aldrin at 10 lb. per acre caused 100 per cent mortality for 77 and 89 days across years.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Aldrin at 10 lb. per acree0
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 100 per cente0
- Qualifier
- 77 and 89 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aldrin at 10 lb. per acre gave 100 per cent, mortality for 77 and 89 days, respectively, in the two years.”
t0“ground beetles (Col., Carabidae) attacking strawberry fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Aldrin in incorporated soils caused full mortality after four days.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- aldrine0
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 100 per cente0
- Qualifier
- 2–4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“100 per cent, mortality, after 4 days' exposure, with aldrin and dieldrin at levels of 2–4 and 16–32 p.p.m., respectively”
t0“ground beetles (Col., Carabidae) attacking strawberry fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Dieldrin in incorporated soils caused full mortality after four days.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- dieldrine0
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 100 per cente0
- Qualifier
- 16–32 p.p.m.e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“100 per cent, mortality, after 4 days' exposure, with aldrin and dieldrin at levels of 2–4 and 16–32 p.p.m., respectively”
t0“ground beetles (Col., Carabidae) attacking strawberry fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Endrin at 64 p.p.m. was only slightly toxic.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- endrin at 64 p.p.m.e0
- Outcome
- slightly toxice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“endrin at 64 p.p.m. was only slightly toxic.”
t0“ground beetles (Col., Carabidae) attacking strawberry fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Aldrin field applications reduced beetle fruit damage by 66–94 per cent.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- application of aldrin at 10 lb. per acree0
- Interactor
- H. rufipese0pest
- Second interactor
- F. melanariae0pest
- Outcome
- fruit damage due to H. rufipes or F. melanariae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 66–94 per cente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of aldrin at 10 lb. per acre to the surface of the soil around the plants in sprays in late April immediately before flowering, or at 5 lb. per acre in late May before laying straw below the fruit, reduced fruit damage due to H. rufipes or F. melanaria by 66–94 per cent.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Aldrin treated plots had harvest residues around 0·03 p.p.m.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- Residues at harveste0
- Value
- 0·03 p.p.m.e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Residues at harvest were of the order of 0·03 p.p.m.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Aldrin treatment had no detected processed fruit flavour effect.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Organ / stage
- processed fruite0
- Outcome
- no effect on flavoure0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no effect on flavour was detected in processed fruit from plots treated at either time of application.”
t0“strawberry”