Abstract
Eleven winter wheat experiments were carried out from 1955–57, to compare the effects of nitrogen on three stiff-strawed varieties of winter wheat, Heine 7, Hybrid 46 and Minister. In 1955 the experiments tested ‘Nitro-Chalk’ top-dressings at rates supplying 0·45, 0·90 and 1·35 cwt. N/acre. In addition, drilled dressings supplying 0·15 cwt. N/acre were supplemented with either 0·30 or 0·75 cwt. N/acre as a top-dressing. In the 1956 and 1957 experiments ‘Nitro-Chalk’ top-dressings were applied at 0·60 and 1·20 cwt. N/acre. In addition, divided dressings were compared by supplementing 0·15 cwt. N/acre by combine-drill with 0·45 cwt. N top-dressing. Significant increases in yield were obtained from the first increment of nitrogen in twenty-three of the thirty-three available comparisons. There were significant additional gains from the second increment of nitrogen in only seven of the same comparisons. Responses to nitrogen varied considerably between seasons. Large and consistent responses were obtained at all centres in 1955 and dressings supplying 0·9 cwt. N/acre were well worthwhile. In 1956 responses were generally smaller and dressings in excess of 0·6 cwt. N/acre could only be justified at two centres. Mean responses in 1957 were lower than those obtained in either of the previous season and 0·6 cwt. N/acre was sufficient for maximum yields at three of the four centres. There was little advantage in dividing dressings of nitrogen between autumn and spring in any of the experiments and none of the differences reached significance. On average, higher yields were obtained by retaining the whole of the nitrogen until the spring, than by applying part of the dressing in autumn by combine-drill. Comparisons between the varieties show that Hybrid 46 was the only variety which was able to take consistent advantage of the heaviest rates of manuring. In each year Hybrid 46 produced the highest percentage increase in yield and Minister the lowest. In addition Hybrid 46 contained the highest percentage of nitrogen in the grain when averaged over each level of manuring. The percentage recovery of nitrogen was calculated for each year and each variety. Comparisons of this data show that Hybrid 46 converted more of the fertilizer nitrogen into grain or crude protein than either of the other two varieties. The experiments provide evidence that there are considerable variations in the efficiency with which present-day winter wheat varieties can utilize nitrogen, and that varieties with both high fertilizer efficiency and high unmanured yields are likely to increase the level of crop production.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
First nitrogen increments significantly raised yield in 23 of 33 comparisons.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- first increment of nitrogene0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- twenty-three of the thirty-three available comparisonse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant increases in yield were obtained from the first increment of nitrogen in twenty-three of the thirty-three available comparisons.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Second nitrogen increments gave significant gains in seven comparisons.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- second increment of nitrogene0
- Outcome
- additional gainse0
- Direction
- gainse0
- Value
- seven of the same comparisonse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were significant additional gains from the second increment of nitrogen in only seven of the same comparisons.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen responses varied between seasons.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Responses to nitrogene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Responses to nitrogen varied considerably between seasons.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1955, responses were large and consistent across centres.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 0·9 cwt. N/acree0
- Outcome
- Large and consistent responsese0
- Setting
- all centres in 1955e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Large and consistent responses were obtained at all centres in 1955 and dressings supplying 0·9 cwt. N/acre were well worthwhile.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1956, responses were generally smaller.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- responsese0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Setting
- In 1956e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1956 responses were generally smaller and dressings in excess of 0·6 cwt. N/acre could only be justified at two centres.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1957, mean responses were lower than previous seasons.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Mean responsese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Setting
- in 1957e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mean responses in 1957 were lower than those obtained in either of the previous season and 0·6 cwt. N/acre was sufficient for maximum yields at three of the four centres.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Dividing nitrogen between autumn and spring offered little benefit, without significant differences.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- dividing dressings of nitrogen between autumn and springe0
- Outcome
- advantagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was little advantage in dividing dressings of nitrogen between autumn and spring in any of the experiments and none of the differences reached significance.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying all nitrogen in spring yielded more than applying some in autumn.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- retaining the whole of the nitrogen until the springe0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- applying part of the dressing in autumn by combine-drille0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On average, higher yields were obtained by retaining the whole of the nitrogen until the spring, than by applying part of the dressing in autumn by combine-drill.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid 46 consistently benefited from the highest manuring rates.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Hybrid 46e0
- Treatment
- heaviest rates of manuringe0
- Outcome
- consistent advantagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hybrid 46 was the only variety which was able to take consistent advantage of the heaviest rates of manuring.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid 46 had the highest percentage yield gain each year.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Hybrid 46e0
- Outcome
- percentage increase in yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In each year Hybrid 46 produced the highest percentage increase in yield and Minister the lowest.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Minister had the lowest percentage yield gain each year.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Ministere0
- Outcome
- percentage increase in yielde0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In each year Hybrid 46 produced the highest percentage increase in yield and Minister the lowest.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid 46 had the highest grain nitrogen percentage.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Hybrid 46e0
- Outcome
- percentage of nitrogen in the graine0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hybrid 46 contained the highest percentage of nitrogen in the grain when averaged over each level of manuring.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid 46 converted more fertilizer nitrogen into grain or crude protein than the other varieties.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Hybrid 46e0
- Outcome
- fertilizer nitrogen into grain or crude proteine0
- Direction
- moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hybrid 46 converted more of the fertilizer nitrogen into grain or crude protein than either of the other two varieties.”
t0“winter wheat”