Abstract
* Cadmium (Cd(2+)) is an environmental pollutant that causes increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. To determine the site of ROS production, the effect of Cd(2+) on ROS production was studied in isolated soybean (Glycine max) plasma membranes, potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber mitochondria and roots of intact seedlings of soybean or cucumber (Cucumis sativus). * The effects of Cd(2+) on the kinetics of superoxide (O2*-), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and hydroxyl radical ((*OH) generation were followed using absorption, fluorescence and spin-trapping electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. * In isolated plasma membranes, Cd(2+) inhibited O2*- production. This inhibition was reversed by calcium (Ca(2+)) and magnesium (Mg(2+)). In isolated mitochondria, Cd(2+) increased and H(2)O(2) production. In intact roots, Cd(2+) stimulated H(2)O(2) production whereas it inhibited O2*- and (*)OH production in a Ca(2+)-reversible manner. * Cd(2+) can be used to distinguish between ROS originating from mitochondria and from the plasma membrane. This is achieved by measuring different ROS individually. The immediate (<or= 1 h) consequence of exposure to Cd(2+) in vivo is stimulation of ROS production in the mitochondrial electron transfer chain and inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity in the plasma membrane.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium inhibited superoxide production in isolated soybean plasma membranes.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- Cd(2+)e0
- Outcome
- O2*- productione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In isolated plasma membranes, Cd(2+) inhibited O2*- production.”
t0“soybean (Glycine max) plasma membranes”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium and magnesium reversed cadmium inhibition.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- calcium (Ca(2+)) and magnesium (Mg(2+))e0
- Outcome
- inhibitione0
- Direction
- reversede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This inhibition was reversed by calcium (Ca(2+)) and magnesium (Mg(2+)).”
t0“soybean (Glycine max) plasma membranes”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium increased mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide production.
- Taxon
- potato
Solanum tuberosumt0 - Treatment
- Cd(2+)e0
- Outcome
- H(2)O(2) productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In isolated mitochondria, Cd(2+) increased and H(2)O(2) production.”
t0“potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber mitochondria”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stimulated hydrogen peroxide production in intact roots.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Cd(2+)e0
- Outcome
- H(2)O(2) productione0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In intact roots, Cd(2+) stimulated H(2)O(2) production whereas it inhibited O2*- and (*)OH production in a Ca(2+)-reversible manner.”
t0“soybean (Glycine max) plasma membranes”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium inhibited root superoxide and hydroxyl radical production, reversible by calcium.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Cd(2+)e0
- Outcome
- O2*- and (*)OH productione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- Ca(2+)-reversible mannere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In intact roots, Cd(2+) stimulated H(2)O(2) production whereas it inhibited O2*- and (*)OH production in a Ca(2+)-reversible manner.”
t0“soybean (Glycine max) plasma membranes”
Claim · model-written summary
Distinct ROS measures can distinguish mitochondrial from plasma membrane ROS origins.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- distinguish between ROS originating from mitochondria and from the plasma membranee0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd(2+) can be used to distinguish between ROS originating from mitochondria and from the plasma membrane. This is achieved by measuring different ROS individually.”
t0“soybean (Glycine max) plasma membranes”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.