Abstract
The cultivation methods used in the experiments resulted in marked differences in the weediness of maize and wheat. The least weediness was found in the conventional tillage treatment. The crucial question in the conservation and no tillage for sustainable agriculture is the weed problem, especially if the technology of weed controls is unaltered as compare to the traditional one. The lower yield in this cultivation system can be attributed to the competition of weeds. To clarify the question, investigations were carried out in the years 2005–2008 in a long-term field experiment set up on brown forest soil at the University of Pannonia, Georgikon Faculty Keszthely. The lowest yields were obtained in the wheat–maize no-tillage system in comparison to the others. This was valid at high and low levels alike (good and unfavorable years). On the average of years the yield decrease was 10–15% as compared to the traditional cultivation. In the spring survey of the weed cover (%) in the wheat trials it was found that the weed coverage increased parallel with the N fertilizer amounts, and then declined in the treatment above 200 kg N. The relation of weeds v.s. N fertilizer is similar to the second power equation of the yield curve. In case of the maize trials, there were no significant differences between the N treatments (25–30%) regarding weed coverage. The gained results call attention to the fact that with the propagation of the reduced soil cultivation systems it is necessary to modify and harmonize the practice of weed control and fertilization. Instead of the schematic weed control and fertilization process, the application of scientifically well-established methods should be urged. In sustainable agriculture the data collection of weeds, the survey of dominant species, special herbicide combinations and the means of precision agriculture have to be taken into consideration.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage gave the least weediness in maize and wheat.
- Taxon
- maize and wheat
Triticum aestivum
Zea mayse1 - Treatment
- conventional tillagee2
- Outcome
- weedinesse2
- Direction
- leaste2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“resulted in marked differences in the weediness of maize and wheat”
e2“The least weediness was found in the conventional tillage treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The lower yield in the cultivation system with reduced tillage is attributed to the competition of weeds in maize and wheat.
- Taxon
- maize and wheatTriticum aestivumZea mayse1
- Outcome
- lower yielde3
- Qualifier
- competition of weedse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“resulted in marked differences in the weediness of maize and wheat”
e3“The lower yield in this cultivation system can be attributed to the competition of weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowest yields in maize and wheat were obtained in the wheat–maize no-tillage system compared with the other systems, at high and low yield levels alike.
- Taxon
- wheat–maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayse4
- Treatment
- no-tillage systeme4
- Outcome
- yieldse4
- Direction
- loweste4
- Qualifier
- valid at high and low levels alike (good and unfavorable years)e5
- Comparator
- the otherse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The lowest yields were obtained in the wheat–maize no-tillage system in comparison to the others”
e5“This was valid at high and low levels alike (good and unfavorable years)”
Claim · model-written summary
On average over years, the yield decrease in the wheat–maize no-tillage system was 10–15% compared with traditional cultivation.
- Taxon
- wheat–maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayse4
- Treatment
- no-tillage systeme4
- Outcome
- yielde6
- Direction
- decreasee6
- Value
- 10–15%e6
- Comparator
- traditional cultivatione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The lowest yields were obtained in the wheat–maize no-tillage system in comparison to the others”
e6“On the average of years the yield decrease was 10–15% as compared to the traditional cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
In wheat, weed cover increased with increasing N fertilizer amounts.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- N fertilizer amountse1
- Outcome
- weed coveragee1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the spring survey of the weed cover (%) in the wheat trials”
e1“the weed coverage increased parallel with the N fertilizer amounts”
Claim · model-written summary
In wheat, weed cover declined in the treatment above 200 kg N.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- above 200 kg Ne2
- Outcome
- weed coveragee1
- Direction
- declinede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the spring survey of the weed cover (%) in the wheat trials”
e1“the weed coverage increased parallel with the N fertilizer amounts”
e2“then declined in the treatment above 200 kg N”
Claim · model-written summary
The relation between weeds and N fertilizer is similar to the second power equation of the yield curve.
- Taxon
- maize and wheatTriticum aestivumZea mayse1
- Treatment
- N fertilizere2
- Outcome
- relation of weeds v.s. N fertilizere2
- Qualifier
- similar to the second power equation of the yield curvee2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“resulted in marked differences in the weediness of maize and wheat”
e2“The relation of weeds v.s. N fertilizer is similar to the second power equation of the yield curve”
Claim · model-written summary
In maize trials, weed coverage did not differ significantly between N treatments (25–30%).
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In case of the maize trials, there were no significant differences between the N treatments (25–30%) regarding weed coverage”
Claim · model-written summary
With reduced soil cultivation, the practice of weed control and fertilization for maize and wheat needs to be modified and harmonized.
- Taxon
- maize and wheatTriticum aestivumZea mayse1
- Outcome
- modify and harmonize the practice of weed control and fertilizatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“resulted in marked differences in the weediness of maize and wheat”
e2“with the propagation of the reduced soil cultivation systems it is necessary to modify and harmonize the practice of weed control and fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Scientifically well-established weed control and fertilization methods should be applied instead of a schematic process.
- Taxon
- maize and wheatTriticum aestivumZea mayse1
- Outcome
- scientifically well-established methodse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“resulted in marked differences in the weediness of maize and wheat”
e2“the application of scientifically well-established methods should be urged”
Claim · model-written summary
Data collection of weeds, a survey of dominant species, special herbicide combinations and precision agriculture should be considered in sustainable agriculture.
- Taxon
- maize and wheatTriticum aestivumZea mayse1
- Outcome
- data collection of weedse2
- Qualifier
- the survey of dominant species, special herbicide combinations and the means of precision agriculturee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“resulted in marked differences in the weediness of maize and wheat”
e2“the data collection of weeds, the survey of dominant species, special herbicide combinations and the means of precision agriculture have to be taken into consideration”
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See all 1,414 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.