Abstract
Abstract In order to evaluate the relationships between attacks by the mahogany shoot borer Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) and host growth and phenology, field trials of Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata and American mahogany Swietenia macrophylla established in Costa Rica were assessed intensively over an 84 week period. Height growth of C. odorata was approximately twice that of S. macrophylla , with mean growth rates of 2.0 and 1.3 cm week −1 respectively. Cedrela odorata displayed pronounced temporal variation in leaf phenology, with a minimum of 51% of trees in leaf during a relatively dry period. In contrast, the minimum proportion of foliated S. macrophylla trees was 87%. No shoot borer attacks were recorded on S. macrophylla until week 50 after the onset of assessments, whereas initial attacks of C. odorata were recorded during week 6. By week 84, the proportion of trees attacked was 74% and 77%, respectively. In both species, attacks were concentrated in seasonal peaks, coinciding with the production of new shoots. Pronounced spatial variation in attack was observed in both species. At week 12, the number of attacks per block in C. odorata was negatively correlated with available calcium concentration (r=0.85, P <0.001), whereas mean height growth of C. odorata was positively correlated with available phosphate concentration (r=0.84; P <0.0001). Significant variation in height to first damaging attack was observed in both species. By the end of the observational period, only 6% of C. odorata and 0.4% S. macrophylla remained undamaged to a height of 3 m. It is suggested that control methods for the mahogany shoot borer should take account of temporal dynamics in attack, and relationship to host phenology. Manipulation of the soil nutrient status may also form part of an integrated approach to pest management.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Cedrela height growth was about twice Swietenia height growth, with means of 2.0 and 1.3 cm per week.
- Taxon
- C. odorata
Cedrela odoratae0 - Outcome
- Height growthe0
- Direction
- approximately twicee0
- Value
- 2.0 and 1.3 cm week −1e0
- Comparator
- S. macrophyllae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Height growth of C. odorata was approximately twice that of S. macrophylla , with mean growth rates of 2.0 and 1.3 cm week −1 respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Cedrela leaf phenology varied over time and at minimum 51% of trees retained leaves in a dry period.
- Taxon
- Cedrela odorataCedrela odoratae0
- Outcome
- trees in leafe0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 51%e0
- Qualifier
- relatively dry periode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cedrela odorata displayed pronounced temporal variation in leaf phenology, with a minimum of 51% of trees in leaf during a relatively dry period”
Claim · model-written summary
The minimum proportion of foliated Swietenia trees was 87%.
- Taxon
- S. macrophylla
Swietenia macrophyllae0 - Outcome
- foliated S. macrophylla treese0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 87%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the minimum proportion of foliated S. macrophylla trees was 87%”
Claim · model-written summary
No Swietenia shoot borer attacks occurred before week 50.
- Taxon
- S. macrophyllaSwietenia macrophyllae0
- Outcome
- shoot borer attackse0
- Direction
- Noe0
- Value
- week 50e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No shoot borer attacks were recorded on S. macrophylla until week 50 after the onset of assessments”
Claim · model-written summary
Initial Cedrela attacks occurred in week 6.
- Taxon
- C. odorataCedrela odoratae0
- Outcome
- initial attackse0
- Value
- week 6e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“initial attacks of C. odorata were recorded during week 6”
Claim · model-written summary
By week 84, 74% of Cedrela trees had been attacked.
- Taxon
- Cedrela odorataCedrela odoratat0
- Outcome
- proportion of trees attackede0
- Value
- 74%e0
- Qualifier
- week 84e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By week 84, the proportion of trees attacked was 74% and 77%, respectively”
t0“Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata and American mahogany Swietenia macrophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
By week 84, 77% of Swietenia trees had been attacked.
- Taxon
- Swietenia macrophyllaSwietenia macrophyllat0
- Outcome
- proportion of trees attackede0
- Value
- 77%e0
- Qualifier
- week 84e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By week 84, the proportion of trees attacked was 74% and 77%, respectively”
t0“Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata and American mahogany Swietenia macrophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
Attack peaks in both tree species coincided with new shoot production.
- Taxon
- Cedrela odorataCedrela odoratat0
- Organ / stage
- new shootse0
- Outcome
- attackse0
- Direction
- seasonal peakse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both species, attacks were concentrated in seasonal peaks, coinciding with the production of new shoots”
t0“Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata and American mahogany Swietenia macrophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
Both tree species showed pronounced spatial variation in attack.
- Taxon
- Cedrela odorataCedrela odoratat0
- Outcome
- spatial variation in attacke0
- Direction
- Pronouncede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pronounced spatial variation in attack was observed in both species”
t0“Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata and American mahogany Swietenia macrophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
Cedrela attacks per block were negatively correlated with available calcium at week 12.
- Taxon
- C. odorataCedrela odoratae0
- Compound
- calciume0
- Outcome
- number of attacks per blocke0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
- Value
- r=0.85e0
- Qualifier
- week 12e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At week 12, the number of attacks per block in C. odorata was negatively correlated with available calcium concentration (r=0.85, P <0.001)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cedrela height growth was positively correlated with available phosphate.
- Taxon
- C. odorataCedrela odoratae0
- Compound
- phosphatee0
- Outcome
- mean height growthe0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Value
- r=0.84e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mean height growth of C. odorata was positively correlated with available phosphate concentration (r=0.84; P <0.0001)”
Claim · model-written summary
Height to first damaging attack varied significantly in both species.
- Taxon
- Cedrela odorataCedrela odoratat0
- Outcome
- height to first damaging attacke0
- Direction
- Significant variatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant variation in height to first damaging attack was observed in both species”
t0“Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata and American mahogany Swietenia macrophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
Only 6% of Cedrela remained undamaged to 3 m by the end of observations.
- Taxon
- C. odorataCedrela odoratae0
- Outcome
- remained undamaged to a height of 3 me0
- Value
- 6%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only 6% of C. odorata and 0.4% S. macrophylla remained undamaged to a height of 3 m”
Claim · model-written summary
Only 0.4% of Swietenia remained undamaged to 3 m by the end of observations.
- Taxon
- S. macrophyllaSwietenia macrophyllae0
- Outcome
- remained undamaged to a height of 3 me0
- Value
- 0.4%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only 6% of C. odorata and 0.4% S. macrophylla remained undamaged to a height of 3 m”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot borer control should account for seasonal attack and host phenology.
- Taxon
- Cedrela odorataCedrela odoratat0
- Outcome
- control methods for the mahogany shoot borer should take account of temporal dynamics in attack, and relationship to host phenologye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“control methods for the mahogany shoot borer should take account of temporal dynamics in attack, and relationship to host phenology”
t0“Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata and American mahogany Swietenia macrophylla”
Claim · model-written summary
Manipulating soil nutrient status may form part of integrated shoot borer management.
- Taxon
- Cedrela odorataCedrela odoratat0
- Outcome
- Manipulation of the soil nutrient status may also form part of an integrated approach to pest managemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Manipulation of the soil nutrient status may also form part of an integrated approach to pest management”
t0“Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata and American mahogany Swietenia macrophylla”