Abstract
Toxicity of three biopesticides, i.e., two neem products and spinosad, was determined on foliage-dwelling life stages of Ceratothripoides claratris (Shumsher) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a major thrips pest on tomatoes, Lycopersicon spp., in central Thailand. Direct and residual contact toxicities of NeemAzal-TS (1% azadirachtin) and systemic activity of NeemAzal-MD 5 (5% azadirachtin) affected the survival of first larval stage (L1) in a concentration-dependent manner. However, neither second larval stage (L2) nor adult survival was influenced by both neem products. On the contrary, spinosad caused 100% mortality in both larval stages and adults of C. claratris regardless of the concentrations tested. No strong ovicidal effects were detected in three different age groups of eggs (i.e., 1, 2, and 3 d old) topically treated with both NeemAzal-TS and spinosad. Residual toxicity was highest with fresh residues of NeemAzal-TS compared with 1-, 3-, 5-, and 7-d-old residues and in general was higher under laboratory than greenhouse conditions. Irrespective of the age of the spray residues, spinosad always caused 100% mortality in larvae and adults. Strongest systemic effects were observed in L1 larvae 1 d after soil drenching with NeemAzal-MD 5 at the highest concentration tested. Foliar and soil applications of NeemAzal-TS and NeemAzal-MD 5, respectively, did not cause any oviposition deterrent effects.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Direct and residual contact toxicity of NeemAzal-TS reduced survival of first larval stage of C. claratris in a concentration-dependent manner.
- Taxon
- tomatoes
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- NeemAzal-TS (1% azadirachtin)e1
- Interactor
- Ceratothripoides claratrise0pest
- Outcome
- survival of first larval stage (L1)e1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Qualifier
- concentration-dependent mannere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Toxicity of three biopesticides, i.e., two neem products and spinosad, was determined on foliage-dwelling life stages of Ceratothripoides claratris (Shumsher) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a major thrips pest on tomatoes, Lycopersicon spp., in central Thailand”
e1“Direct and residual contact toxicities of NeemAzal-TS (1% azadirachtin) and systemic activity of NeemAzal-MD 5 (5% azadirachtin) affected the survival of first larval stage (L1) in a concentration-dependent manner”
Claim · model-written summary
Systemic activity of NeemAzal-MD 5 reduced survival of first larval stage of C. claratris.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- NeemAzal-MD 5 (5% azadirachtin)e1
- Interactor
- Ceratothripoides claratrise0pest
- Outcome
- survival of first larval stage (L1)e1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Qualifier
- systemic activitye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Toxicity of three biopesticides, i.e., two neem products and spinosad, was determined on foliage-dwelling life stages of Ceratothripoides claratris (Shumsher) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a major thrips pest on tomatoes, Lycopersicon spp., in central Thailand”
e1“Direct and residual contact toxicities of NeemAzal-TS (1% azadirachtin) and systemic activity of NeemAzal-MD 5 (5% azadirachtin) affected the survival of first larval stage (L1) in a concentration-dependent manner”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem products did not influence second larval stage or adult survival of C. claratris.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- neem productse2
- Interactor
- Ceratothripoides claratrise0pest
- Outcome
- adult survivale2
- Qualifier
- neither second larval stage (L2)e2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Toxicity of three biopesticides, i.e., two neem products and spinosad, was determined on foliage-dwelling life stages of Ceratothripoides claratris (Shumsher) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a major thrips pest on tomatoes, Lycopersicon spp., in central Thailand”
e2“However, neither second larval stage (L2) nor adult survival was influenced by both neem products”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad caused 100% mortality in both larval stages and adults of C. claratris regardless of concentration.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- spinosade3
- Interactor
- Ceratothripoides claratrise0pest
- Outcome
- mortality in both larval stages and adultse3
- Direction
- causede3
- Value
- 100%e3
- Qualifier
- regardless of the concentrations testede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Toxicity of three biopesticides, i.e., two neem products and spinosad, was determined on foliage-dwelling life stages of Ceratothripoides claratris (Shumsher) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a major thrips pest on tomatoes, Lycopersicon spp., in central Thailand”
e3“spinosad caused 100% mortality in both larval stages and adults of C. claratris regardless of the concentrations tested”
Claim · model-written summary
NeemAzal-TS and spinosad had no strong ovicidal effects on three age groups of C. claratris eggs.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- eggse4
- Treatment
- NeemAzal-TS and spinosade4
- Interactor
- Ceratothripoides claratrise0pest
- Outcome
- ovicidal effectse4
- Qualifier
- three different age groupse4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Toxicity of three biopesticides, i.e., two neem products and spinosad, was determined on foliage-dwelling life stages of Ceratothripoides claratris (Shumsher) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a major thrips pest on tomatoes, Lycopersicon spp., in central Thailand”
e4“No strong ovicidal effects were detected in three different age groups of eggs (i.e., 1, 2, and 3 d old) topically treated with both NeemAzal-TS and spinosad”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh residues of NeemAzal-TS had the highest residual toxicity compared with older residues.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- fresh residues of NeemAzal-TSe5
- Interactor
- Ceratothripoides claratrise0pest
- Outcome
- Residual toxicitye5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Comparator
- 1-, 3-, 5-, and 7-d-old residuese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Toxicity of three biopesticides, i.e., two neem products and spinosad, was determined on foliage-dwelling life stages of Ceratothripoides claratris (Shumsher) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a major thrips pest on tomatoes, Lycopersicon spp., in central Thailand”
e5“Residual toxicity was highest with fresh residues of NeemAzal-TS compared with 1-, 3-, 5-, and 7-d-old residues and in general was higher under laboratory than greenhouse conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual toxicity of neem products was higher under laboratory than greenhouse conditions.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- Ceratothripoides claratrise0pest
- Outcome
- Residual toxicitye5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- greenhouse conditionse5
- Setting
- laboratorye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Toxicity of three biopesticides, i.e., two neem products and spinosad, was determined on foliage-dwelling life stages of Ceratothripoides claratris (Shumsher) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a major thrips pest on tomatoes, Lycopersicon spp., in central Thailand”
e5“Residual toxicity was highest with fresh residues of NeemAzal-TS compared with 1-, 3-, 5-, and 7-d-old residues and in general was higher under laboratory than greenhouse conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad always caused 100% mortality in larvae and adults irrespective of spray residue age.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- spinosade6
- Interactor
- Ceratothripoides claratrise0pest
- Outcome
- mortality in larvae and adultse6
- Direction
- causede6
- Value
- 100%e6
- Qualifier
- Irrespective of the age of the spray residuese6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Toxicity of three biopesticides, i.e., two neem products and spinosad, was determined on foliage-dwelling life stages of Ceratothripoides claratris (Shumsher) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a major thrips pest on tomatoes, Lycopersicon spp., in central Thailand”
e6“Irrespective of the age of the spray residues, spinosad always caused 100% mortality in larvae and adults”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil drenching with NeemAzal-MD 5 had the strongest systemic effects on L1 larvae of C. claratris.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- soil drenching with NeemAzal-MD 5e7
- Interactor
- Ceratothripoides claratrise0pest
- Outcome
- systemic effectse7
- Direction
- Strongeste7
- Qualifier
- in L1 larvaee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Toxicity of three biopesticides, i.e., two neem products and spinosad, was determined on foliage-dwelling life stages of Ceratothripoides claratris (Shumsher) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a major thrips pest on tomatoes, Lycopersicon spp., in central Thailand”
e7“Strongest systemic effects were observed in L1 larvae 1 d after soil drenching with NeemAzal-MD 5 at the highest concentration tested”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar and soil applications of neem products did not cause oviposition deterrent effects.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Foliar and soil applications of NeemAzal-TS and NeemAzal-MD 5e7
- Outcome
- oviposition deterrent effectse7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Toxicity of three biopesticides, i.e., two neem products and spinosad, was determined on foliage-dwelling life stages of Ceratothripoides claratris (Shumsher) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a major thrips pest on tomatoes, Lycopersicon spp., in central Thailand”
e7“Foliar and soil applications of NeemAzal-TS and NeemAzal-MD 5, respectively, did not cause any oviposition deterrent effects”
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