Abstract
Protein-rich pea flour is toxic and repellent to three major storedgrain pests: the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L.; the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst); and the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens). This study found that protein-rich pea flour was not toxic to, and did not reduce the offspring of, Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard), a parasitoid of S. oryzae, nor did it reduce offspring of Cephalonomia waterstoni (Gahan), a parasitoid of C. ferrugineus. Protein-rich pea flour was also not repellent to A. calandrae. Small-scale and large-scale tests of a combination of protein-rich pea flour and parasitoids were conducted in 2-liter jars and in barrels containing 330 kg wheat. A larger population of A. calandrae was found at a high host infestation rate (24 adults/kg for 25 d), but the parasitoid did not become established at middle and low host infestation rates (2.4; 0.24 adults/kg for 25 d). The combinations of protein-rich pea flour and parasitoids reduced populations of S. oryzae in both tests. Additional effects of protein-rich pea flour and parasitoids were found in the large-scale test. Releasing parasitoids alone reduced the populations of S. oryzae by 46% and C. ferrugineus by 49%. Treating wheat with 0.04 or 0.1% protein-rich pea flour reduced the population of S. oryzae by 26 and 79% and C. ferrugineus by 27 and 43%, respectively. Combining parasitoids with 0.04 or 0.1% protein-rich pea flour reduced S. oryzae populations by 76 and 98% and C. ferrugineus populations by 42 and 75%, respectively. At the end of the large-scale experiment, grain treated with protein-rich pea flour alone or in combination with parasitoids had better grain quality than the untreated controls.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Pea flour was not toxic to Anisopteromalus calandrae.
- Taxon
- Anisopteromalus calandrae
Anisopteromalus calandraee0 - Interactor
- Anisopteromalus calandraeAnisopteromalus calandraee0parasite
- Outcome
- toxice0
- Direction
- not toxice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“protein-rich pea flour was not toxic to, and did not reduce the offspring of, Anisopteromalus calandrae”
Claim · model-written summary
Pea flour did not reduce offspring of Anisopteromalus calandrae.
- Taxon
- Anisopteromalus calandraeAnisopteromalus calandraee0
- Treatment
- protein-rich pea floure0
- Outcome
- offspringe0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“protein-rich pea flour was not toxic to, and did not reduce the offspring of, Anisopteromalus calandrae”
Claim · model-written summary
Pea flour did not reduce offspring of Cephalonomia waterstoni.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“nor did it reduce offspring of Cephalonomia waterstoni”
Claim · model-written summary
Pea flour did not repel A. calandrae.
- Taxon
- A. calandraeAnisopteromalus calandraee0
- Treatment
- Protein-rich pea floure0
- Outcome
- repellente0
- Direction
- not repellente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Protein-rich pea flour was also not repellent to A. calandrae”
Claim · model-written summary
A. calandrae had a larger population at high host infestation.
- Taxon
- A. calandraeAnisopteromalus calandraee0
- Outcome
- populatione0
- Direction
- largere0
- Value
- 24 adults/kge0
- Qualifier
- high host infestation ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A larger population of A. calandrae was found at a high host infestation rate (24 adults/kg for 25 d)”
Claim · model-written summary
A. calandrae did not establish at middle and low host infestation rates.
- Taxon
- parasitoide0
- Outcome
- did not become establishede0
- Qualifier
- middle and low host infestation ratese0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“the parasitoid did not become established at middle and low host infestation rates (2.4; 0.24 adults/kg for 25 d)”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatments reduced S. oryzae populations in both tests.
- Taxon
- S. oryzae
Sitophilus oryzaee0 - Treatment
- combinations of protein-rich pea flour and parasitoidse0
- Outcome
- populations of S. oryzaee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combinations of protein-rich pea flour and parasitoids reduced populations of S. oryzae in both tests”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitoid release reduced S. oryzae populations by 46%.
- Taxon
- S. oryzaeSitophilus oryzaee0
- Treatment
- Releasing parasitoids alonee0
- Outcome
- populations of S. oryzaee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 46%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Releasing parasitoids alone reduced the populations of S. oryzae by 46%”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitoid release reduced C. ferrugineus populations by 49%.
- Taxon
- C. ferrugineus
Cryptolestes ferrugineuse0 - Outcome
- C. ferrugineuse0
- Value
- 49%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. ferrugineus by 49%”
Claim · model-written summary
Pea flour at 0.04% reduced S. oryzae by 26%.
- Taxon
- S. oryzaeSitophilus oryzaee0
- Treatment
- 0.04 or 0.1% protein-rich pea floure0
- Outcome
- population of S. oryzaee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 26e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treating wheat with 0.04 or 0.1% protein-rich pea flour reduced the population of S. oryzae by 26 and 79%”
Claim · model-written summary
Pea flour at 0.1% reduced S. oryzae by 79%.
- Taxon
- S. oryzaeSitophilus oryzaee0
- Treatment
- 0.04 or 0.1% protein-rich pea floure0
- Outcome
- population of S. oryzaee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 79%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treating wheat with 0.04 or 0.1% protein-rich pea flour reduced the population of S. oryzae by 26 and 79%”
Claim · model-written summary
Pea flour reduced C. ferrugineus by 27% at the lower dose.
- Taxon
- C. ferrugineusCryptolestes ferrugineuse0
- Outcome
- C. ferrugineuse0
- Value
- 27e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. ferrugineus by 27 and 43%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Pea flour reduced C. ferrugineus by 43% at the higher dose.
- Taxon
- C. ferrugineusCryptolestes ferrugineuse0
- Outcome
- C. ferrugineuse0
- Value
- 43%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. ferrugineus by 27 and 43%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Combination treatment reduced S. oryzae by 76% at 0.04% flour.
- Taxon
- S. oryzaeSitophilus oryzaee0
- Treatment
- Combining parasitoids with 0.04 or 0.1% protein-rich pea floure0
- Outcome
- S. oryzae populationse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 76e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combining parasitoids with 0.04 or 0.1% protein-rich pea flour reduced S. oryzae populations by 76 and 98%”
Claim · model-written summary
Combination treatment reduced S. oryzae by 98% at 0.1% flour.
- Taxon
- S. oryzaeSitophilus oryzaee0
- Treatment
- Combining parasitoids with 0.04 or 0.1% protein-rich pea floure0
- Outcome
- S. oryzae populationse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 98%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combining parasitoids with 0.04 or 0.1% protein-rich pea flour reduced S. oryzae populations by 76 and 98%”
Claim · model-written summary
Combination treatment reduced C. ferrugineus by 42% at 0.04% flour.
- Taxon
- C. ferrugineusCryptolestes ferrugineuse0
- Outcome
- C. ferrugineus populationse0
- Value
- 42e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. ferrugineus populations by 42 and 75%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Combination treatment reduced C. ferrugineus by 75% at 0.1% flour.
- Taxon
- C. ferrugineusCryptolestes ferrugineuse0
- Outcome
- C. ferrugineus populationse0
- Value
- 75%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. ferrugineus populations by 42 and 75%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Pea flour alone or with parasitoids improved grain quality.
- Treatment
- protein-rich pea flour alone or in combination with parasitoidse0
- Outcome
- grain qualitye0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- untreated controlse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“grain treated with protein-rich pea flour alone or in combination with parasitoids had better grain quality than the untreated controls”