Abstract
Knowing the interference potential of common waterhemp in corn could be beneficial in planning waterhemp management strategies. In 2000, 2001, and 2002, field studies were conducted to examine both early- and late-season common waterhemp interference in corn. Early-season interference was determined by removing common waterhemp at the VE (vegetative emergence), V4 (four visible leaf collars), V6, V8, V10, V12, and V14 growth stages of corn for the entire season, and late-season interference was determined by allowing common waterhemp to emerge and compete from the VE, V4, V6, V8, V10, V12, and V14 corn growth stages. The interference potential of common waterhemp varied between the year 2000 and the combined years of 2001–2002. This is probably due to differences in precipitation in May and June in these two environments (297 mm in 2000 compared with 198 mm in 2001–2002). An excess of 590 g m−2 of dry matter and 13,000 and 1,200 seeds per female plant were produced when common waterhemp emerged at V4 and V6 corn, respectively, the 2 yr that corn was drought stressed. When corn was not moisture stressed, common waterhemp that emerged at V4 and V6 corn produced less than 220 g m−2 and less than 500 seeds per female plant. Season-long common waterhemp interference reduced corn yield 74% in 2 yr of the study and 11% in the third. Early-season common waterhemp interference began at V6 corn, with a 4 and 23% yield loss in 2000 and 2001–2002, respectively. Common waterhemp interference from late-season emergence reduced corn yield when emergence occurred before the V8 corn growth stage. Taking into account early- and late-season common waterhemp interference. the critical common waterhemp–free period was around the V6 corn stage to optimize corn yield.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Waterhemp interference potential differed between 2000 and 2001–2002.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Interactor
- common waterhempe0weed
- Outcome
- interference potential of common waterhempe0
- Direction
- variede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interference potential of common waterhemp varied between the year 2000 and the combined years of 2001–2002”
t0“Common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) interference in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterhemp emerging at V4 or V6 produced over 590 g m−2 dry matter during drought-stressed corn years.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Interactor
- common waterhempe0weed
- Outcome
- dry mattere0
- Direction
- An excess ofe0
- Value
- 590 g m−2e0
- Qualifier
- the 2 yr that corn was drought stressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An excess of 590 g m−2 of dry matter and 13,000 and 1,200 seeds per female plant were produced when common waterhemp emerged at V4 and V6 corn, respectively, the 2 yr that corn was drought stressed”
t0“Common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) interference in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterhemp emerging at V4 produced 13,000 seeds per female plant in drought years.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- V4e0
- Interactor
- common waterhempe0weed
- Outcome
- seeds per female plante0
- Value
- 13,000e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“13,000 and 1,200 seeds per female plant were produced when common waterhemp emerged at V4 and V6 corn, respectively, the 2 yr that corn was drought stressed”
t0“Common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) interference in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterhemp emerging at V6 produced 1,200 seeds per female plant in drought years.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- V6e0
- Interactor
- common waterhempe0weed
- Outcome
- seeds per female plante0
- Value
- 1,200e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“13,000 and 1,200 seeds per female plant were produced when common waterhemp emerged at V4 and V6 corn, respectively, the 2 yr that corn was drought stressed”
t0“Common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) interference in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Without corn moisture stress, waterhemp emerging at V4 or V6 produced less than 220 g m−2 dry matter.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Interactor
- common waterhempe0weed
- Outcome
- common waterhempe0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Value
- 220 g m−2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When corn was not moisture stressed, common waterhemp that emerged at V4 and V6 corn produced less than 220 g m−2 and less than 500 seeds per female plant”
t0“Common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) interference in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Without corn moisture stress, waterhemp emerging at V4 or V6 produced fewer than 500 seeds per female plant.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Interactor
- common waterhempe0weed
- Outcome
- seeds per female plante0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Value
- 500 seeds per female plante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When corn was not moisture stressed, common waterhemp that emerged at V4 and V6 corn produced less than 220 g m−2 and less than 500 seeds per female plant”
t0“Common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) interference in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Season-long waterhemp interference reduced corn yield 74% in two years.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Season-long common waterhemp interferencee0
- Interactor
- common waterhempe0weed
- Outcome
- corn yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 74%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Season-long common waterhemp interference reduced corn yield 74% in 2 yr of the study”
t0“Common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) interference in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Season-long waterhemp interference reduced corn yield 11% in the third year.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Season-long common waterhemp interferencee0
- Interactor
- common waterhempe0weed
- Outcome
- corn yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 11%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Season-long common waterhemp interference reduced corn yield 74% in 2 yr of the study and 11% in the third”
t0“Common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) interference in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Early waterhemp interference beginning at V6 caused 4% corn yield loss in 2000.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- V6e0
- Treatment
- Early-season common waterhemp interferencee0
- Interactor
- common waterhempe0weed
- Outcome
- yield losse0
- Direction
- losse0
- Value
- 4e0
- Qualifier
- 2000e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early-season common waterhemp interference began at V6 corn, with a 4 and 23% yield loss in 2000 and 2001–2002, respectively”
t0“Common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) interference in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Early waterhemp interference beginning at V6 caused 23% corn yield loss in 2001–2002.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- V6e0
- Treatment
- Early-season common waterhemp interferencee0
- Interactor
- common waterhempe0weed
- Outcome
- yield losse0
- Direction
- losse0
- Value
- 23%e0
- Qualifier
- 2001–2002e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early-season common waterhemp interference began at V6 corn, with a 4 and 23% yield loss in 2000 and 2001–2002, respectively”
t0“Common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) interference in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Late-emerging waterhemp reduced corn yield when it emerged before V8.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Common waterhemp interference from late-season emergencee0
- Interactor
- Common waterhempe0weed
- Outcome
- corn yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- before the V8 corn growth stagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Common waterhemp interference from late-season emergence reduced corn yield when emergence occurred before the V8 corn growth stage”
t0“Common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) interference in corn”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify a waterhemp-free period around corn V6 to optimize yield.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- V6e0
- Interactor
- common waterhempe0weed
- Outcome
- critical common waterhemp–free periode0
Not reportedValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the critical common waterhemp–free period was around the V6 corn stage to optimize corn yield”
t0“Common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) interference in corn”
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