Abstract
The effects of the fungal protein Nep1 and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis (Pst) applied separately or in combination on Canada thistle, common ragweed, and common dandelion were examined in growth chamber experiments. Experiments examined five treatments: (1) untreated control, (2) Silwet L-77 (0.3%, v/v) control, (3) Nep1 (5 μg ml −1 ) plus Silwet L-77 (0.3%, v/v), (4) Pst (10 9 colony-forming units [cfu] ml −1 ) plus Silwet L-77 (0.3%, v/v), and (5) Pst (10 9 cfu ml −1 ) and Nep1 (5 μg ml −1 ) plus Silwet L-77 (0.3%, v/v). Foliar treatments were applied at 28, 26, and 21 d after planting for Canada thistle, common dandelion, and common ragweed, respectively. For all three species, foliar application of Nep1 alone or in combination with Pst caused rapid desiccation and necrosis of leaves, with the greatest effect on recent, fully expanded (RFE) leaves. Within 4 to 8 h after treatment (HAT), 60 to 80% of RFE leaves of all three species were necrotic. Measured 72 HAT, Pst populations in Canada thistle leaves treated with Nep1 plus Pst were approximately 10 5 cfu cm −2 compared with 10 7 cfu cm −2 for leaves treated with Pst alone. Measured 2 wk after treatment, foliar application of Nep1 reduced shoot dry weight of the three weeds by 30 to 41%. Treatment with Pst reduced shoot growth of common ragweed, Canada thistle, and common dandelion by 82, 31, and 41%, respectively. The large suppression of common ragweed shoot growth caused by Pst treatment was associated with a high percentage (60%) of leaf area exhibiting chlorosis. Treatment with Pst plus Nep1 did not result in significant decreases in shoot dry weight for Canada thistle and common dandelion compared with either treatment alone. For common ragweed, shoot growth reduction caused by applying Pst and Nep1 together was not greater than that caused by Pst alone.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Nep1 alone or with Pst rapidly desiccated and necrosed leaves in all three weeds, most strongly in recent fully expanded leaves.
- Taxon
- all three speciese0
- Organ / stage
- recent, fully expanded (RFE) leavese0
- Treatment
- foliar application of Nep1 alone or in combination with Pste0
- Outcome
- desiccation and necrosis of leavese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“For all three species, foliar application of Nep1 alone or in combination with Pst caused rapid desiccation and necrosis of leaves, with the greatest effect on recent, fully expanded (RFE) leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Within 4 to 8 h, 60 to 80% of recent fully expanded leaves of the three species were necrotic.
Verbatim
e0“Within 4 to 8 h after treatment (HAT), 60 to 80% of RFE leaves of all three species were necrotic”
Claim · model-written summary
Nep1 plus Pst yielded approximately 10 5 cfu cm −2 Pst in Canada thistle leaves versus 10 7 with Pst alone.
- Taxon
- Canada thistle
Cirsium arvensee0 - Treatment
- Nep1 plus Pste0
- Interactor
- Pste0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Pst populations in Canada thistle leavese0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
- Value
- 10 5 cfu cm −2e0
- Qualifier
- 10 7 cfu cm −2 for leaves treated with Pst alonee0
- Comparator
- Pst alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Measured 72 HAT, Pst populations in Canada thistle leaves treated with Nep1 plus Pst were approximately 10 5 cfu cm −2 compared with 10 7 cfu cm −2 for leaves treated with Pst alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Nep1 reduced shoot dry weight of the three weeds by 30 to 41%.
- Taxon
- the three weedse0
- Treatment
- foliar application of Nep1e0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 30 to 41%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of Nep1 reduced shoot dry weight of the three weeds by 30 to 41%”
Claim · model-written summary
Pst reduced common ragweed shoot growth by 82%.
- Taxon
- common ragweed
Ambrosia artemisiifoliae0 - Treatment
- Pste0
- Interactor
- Pste0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- shoot growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 82e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with Pst reduced shoot growth of common ragweed, Canada thistle, and common dandelion by 82, 31, and 41%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Pst reduced Canada thistle shoot growth by 31%.
- Taxon
- Canada thistleCirsium arvensee0
- Treatment
- Pste0
- Interactor
- Pste0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- shoot growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 31e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with Pst reduced shoot growth of common ragweed, Canada thistle, and common dandelion by 82, 31, and 41%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Pst reduced common dandelion shoot growth by 41%.
- Taxon
- common dandelione0
- Treatment
- Pste0
- Interactor
- Pste0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- shoot growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 41%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with Pst reduced shoot growth of common ragweed, Canada thistle, and common dandelion by 82, 31, and 41%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The large Pst suppression of common ragweed shoot growth was associated with chlorosis of 60% of leaf area.
- Taxon
- common ragweedAmbrosia artemisiifoliae0
- Treatment
- Pst treatmente0
- Interactor
- Pste0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- leaf area exhibiting chlorosise0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- 60%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The large suppression of common ragweed shoot growth caused by Pst treatment was associated with a high percentage (60%) of leaf area exhibiting chlorosis”
Claim · model-written summary
Pst plus Nep1 did not significantly decrease Canada thistle shoot dry weight beyond either treatment alone.
- Taxon
- Canada thistleCirsium arvensee0
- Treatment
- Pst plus Nep1e0
- Interactor
- Pste0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- did not result in significant decreasese0
- Comparator
- either treatment alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with Pst plus Nep1 did not result in significant decreases in shoot dry weight for Canada thistle and common dandelion compared with either treatment alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Pst plus Nep1 did not significantly decrease common dandelion shoot dry weight beyond either treatment alone.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with Pst plus Nep1 did not result in significant decreases in shoot dry weight for Canada thistle and common dandelion compared with either treatment alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Pst plus Nep1 did not suppress common ragweed shoot growth beyond Pst alone.
- Taxon
- common ragweedAmbrosia artemisiifoliae0
- Treatment
- applying Pst and Nep1 togethere0
- Interactor
- Pste0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- shoot growth reductione0
- Direction
- not greatere0
- Comparator
- Pst alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For common ragweed, shoot growth reduction caused by applying Pst and Nep1 together was not greater than that caused by Pst alone”