Abstract
Bacteriophages specific to Xanthomonas campestris pv . pelargonii ( Xcp ), the causal agent of bacterial blight of geranium, Pelargonium × hortorum L.H. Bailey, were isolated from soil and sludge samples from Florida, California, Minnesota, and Utah. Sixteen phages were evaluated for their potential to lyse 21 Xcp strains collected from around the world. The Xcp strains varied in their susceptibility to the phage isolates with 4 to 14 phages producing a lytic or highly virulent reaction. A mixture of five h-mutants was developed from phages that exhibited the broadest host-ranges and tested against the same Xcp strains. The h-mutant phage mixture lysed all 21 Xcp strains. Three experiments were designed to determine the efficacy of using a mixture of four h-mutant phages to control the spread of the bacterial blight pathogen on potted and seedling geraniums under greenhouse conditions. Plants surrounding diseased inoculated plants were treated with a phage mixture at 5 × 10 8 pfu/mL daily, biweekly, or triweekly, or treated with Phyton-27®, at 2.0 mL·L -1 every 10 or 14 days. In potted geraniums, daily foliar sprays of the phage mixture had reduced disease incidence and severity by 50% and 75%, respectively, relative to control plants after 6 weeks. In two plug experiments, the phage mixture applied daily also had reduced disease incidence and severity by 69% and 86%, and 85% and 92%, respectively, when compared with controls after 5 weeks. In all three experiments, disease incidence and severity were less for plants treated daily with phages than for those treated less frequently with phages or with Phyton-27®. Chemical name used: copper sulfate pentahydrate (Phyton-27®).
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Xcp strains differ in susceptibility to the phage isolates, with 4 to 14 phages giving a lytic or highly virulent reaction.
- Interactor
- Xcpe0pathogen
- Second interactor
- phage isolatese1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- susceptibility to the phage isolatese1
- Value
- 4 to 14e1
GeraniumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bacterial Blight of Geranium”
e0“Xanthomonas campestris pv . pelargonii ( Xcp )”
e1“The Xcp strains varied in their susceptibility to the phage isolates with 4 to 14 phages producing a lytic or highly virulent reaction”
Claim · model-written summary
The h-mutant phage mixture lysed all 21 tested Xcp strains.
- Treatment
- h-mutant phage mixturee2
- Interactor
- Xcpe2pathogen
- Second interactor
- h-mutant phage mixturee2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- lysed all 21 Xcp strainse2
- Value
- all 21e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bacterial Blight of Geranium”
e2“The h-mutant phage mixture lysed all 21 Xcp strains”
Claim · model-written summary
Daily foliar sprays of the phage mixture reduced geranium disease incidence by 50% relative to controls after 6 weeks.
- Treatment
- daily foliar sprays of the phage mixturee3
- Interactor
- Xcpe0pathogen
- Second interactor
- phage mixturee3biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease incidencee3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 50%e3
- Qualifier
- after 6 weekse3
- Comparator
- control plantse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Xanthomonas campestris pv . pelargonii ( Xcp )”
e3“In potted geraniums, daily foliar sprays of the phage mixture had reduced disease incidence and severity by 50% and 75%, respectively, relative to control plants after 6 weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
Daily foliar sprays of the phage mixture reduced geranium disease severity by 75% relative to controls after 6 weeks.
- Treatment
- daily foliar sprays of the phage mixturee3
- Interactor
- Xcpe0pathogen
- Second interactor
- phage mixturee3biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- severitye3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 75%e3
- Qualifier
- after 6 weekse3
- Comparator
- control plantse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Xanthomonas campestris pv . pelargonii ( Xcp )”
e3“In potted geraniums, daily foliar sprays of the phage mixture had reduced disease incidence and severity by 50% and 75%, respectively, relative to control plants after 6 weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
In plug experiments the daily phage mixture reduced disease incidence by 69% relative to controls after 5 weeks.
- Treatment
- the phage mixture applied dailye4
- Interactor
- Xcpe0pathogen
- Second interactor
- phage mixturee4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease incidencee4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 69%e4
- Qualifier
- after 5 weekse4
- Comparator
- controlse4
- Setting
- plug experimentse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bacterial Blight of Geranium”
e0“Xanthomonas campestris pv . pelargonii ( Xcp )”
e4“In two plug experiments, the phage mixture applied daily also had reduced disease incidence and severity by 69% and 86%, and 85% and 92%, respectively, when compared with controls after 5 weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
In plug experiments the daily phage mixture reduced disease severity by 86% relative to controls after 5 weeks.
- Treatment
- the phage mixture applied dailye4
- Interactor
- Xcpe0pathogen
- Second interactor
- phage mixturee4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- severitye4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 86%e4
- Qualifier
- after 5 weekse4
- Comparator
- controlse4
- Setting
- plug experimentse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bacterial Blight of Geranium”
e0“Xanthomonas campestris pv . pelargonii ( Xcp )”
e4“In two plug experiments, the phage mixture applied daily also had reduced disease incidence and severity by 69% and 86%, and 85% and 92%, respectively, when compared with controls after 5 weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
In plug experiments the daily phage mixture reduced disease incidence by 85% relative to controls after 5 weeks.
- Treatment
- the phage mixture applied dailye4
- Interactor
- Xcpe0pathogen
- Second interactor
- phage mixturee4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease incidencee4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 85%e4
- Qualifier
- after 5 weekse4
- Comparator
- controlse4
- Setting
- plug experimentse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bacterial Blight of Geranium”
e0“Xanthomonas campestris pv . pelargonii ( Xcp )”
e4“In two plug experiments, the phage mixture applied daily also had reduced disease incidence and severity by 69% and 86%, and 85% and 92%, respectively, when compared with controls after 5 weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
In plug experiments the daily phage mixture reduced disease severity by 92% relative to controls after 5 weeks.
- Treatment
- the phage mixture applied dailye4
- Interactor
- Xcpe0pathogen
- Second interactor
- phage mixturee4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- severitye4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 92%e4
- Qualifier
- after 5 weekse4
- Comparator
- controlse4
- Setting
- plug experimentse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bacterial Blight of Geranium”
e0“Xanthomonas campestris pv . pelargonii ( Xcp )”
e4“In two plug experiments, the phage mixture applied daily also had reduced disease incidence and severity by 69% and 86%, and 85% and 92%, respectively, when compared with controls after 5 weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
Daily phage treatment gave lower disease incidence and severity than less frequent phage treatment or Phyton-27 in all three experiments.
- Treatment
- plants treated daily with phagese5
- Interactor
- Xcpe0pathogen
- Second interactor
- phagese5biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease incidence and severitye5
- Direction
- lesse5
- Qualifier
- In all three experimentse5
- Comparator
- those treated less frequently with phages or with Phyton-27®e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bacterial Blight of Geranium”
e0“Xanthomonas campestris pv . pelargonii ( Xcp )”
e5“In all three experiments, disease incidence and severity were less for plants treated daily with phages than for those treated less frequently with phages or with Phyton-27®”
The same questions in other papers
application · disease · GeraniumPositive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.