Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of temperature on biological parameters of Praon volucre (Haliday) (Hymenoptera Braconidae) and to determine its thermal requirements with the aphid Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach) (Rhynchota Aphididae) as host. Tests were carried out at 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26 ± 1 °C, RH 70 ± 10% and 12h photophase. 24h-old mated P. volucre females without previous experience of oviposition were released into a Petri dish containing a leaf disc of lettuce on a water/agar layer (1%) and 20 second- and third-instar nymphs of A. solani. Percentages of mummification were highest at 18 °C (64%) and 20 °C (66%). Developmental time decreased as the temperature increased, ranging from 19.8 days at 18 °C to 12.3 days at 26 °C. Emergence rate was not affected by temperature and was between 79.6% and 93.4%. Sex ratios varied between 32% and 51% females, but did not differ significantly at the 5 temperatures. Adult longevity strongly decreased with increasing temperature in the range from 18 °C to 22 °C, but was similar in the range from 22 to 26 °C. A. solani had an average tibia length of 0.52 mm when oviposition by P. volucre took place, and 1.17 mm at mummification. Even though host size at mummification was not influenced by temperature, parasitoid size was negatively affected by higher temperatures. The threshold temperature for development was 4.5 °C and the thermal constant was 270 DD. Our findings indicate that P. volucre performs best at temperatures from 22 °C to 24 °C, and that a mixture of 2 nd and 3 rd instar nymphs of A. solani is adequate for rearing this parasitoid. This information helps optimization of parasitoid mass-rearing, and with timing of parasitoid releases to obtain establishment and synchronization with the host under greenhouse conditions.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Mummification of Aulacorthum solani was highest at 18 °C and 20 °C, at 64% and 66% respectively.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Interactor
- Aulacorthum solani
Aulacorthum solanit0pest - Second interactor
- Praon volucrePraon volucret0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Percentages of mummificatione1
- Value
- 64%e1
- Qualifier
- 66%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Performance of the parasitoid Praon volucre in Aulacorthum solani at five temperatures”
e0“a leaf disc of lettuce”
e1“Percentages of mummification were highest at 18 °C (64%) and 20 °C (66%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Developmental time of Praon volucre decreased as temperature increased, from 19.8 days at 18 °C to 12.3 days at 26 °C.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- temperaturee2
- Interactor
- Praon volucrePraon volucret0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Developmental timee2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 19.8 dayse2
- Qualifier
- 12.3 days at 26 °Ce2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Performance of the parasitoid Praon volucre in Aulacorthum solani at five temperatures”
e0“a leaf disc of lettuce”
e2“Developmental time decreased as the temperature increased, ranging from 19.8 days at 18 °C to 12.3 days at 26 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
Emergence rate of Praon volucre was not affected by temperature and was between 79.6% and 93.4%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- temperaturee3
- Interactor
- Praon volucrePraon volucret0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Emergence ratee3
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede3
- Value
- 79.6% and 93.4%e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Performance of the parasitoid Praon volucre in Aulacorthum solani at five temperatures”
e0“a leaf disc of lettuce”
e3“Emergence rate was not affected by temperature and was between 79.6% and 93.4%”
Claim · model-written summary
Sex ratio of Praon volucre did not differ significantly among the five temperatures, varying between 32% and 51% females.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- the 5 temperaturese4
- Interactor
- Praon volucrePraon volucret0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Sex ratiose4
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede4
- Value
- between 32% and 51%e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Performance of the parasitoid Praon volucre in Aulacorthum solani at five temperatures”
e0“a leaf disc of lettuce”
e4“Sex ratios varied between 32% and 51% females, but did not differ significantly at the 5 temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Adult longevity of Praon volucre strongly decreased with increasing temperature from 18 °C to 22 °C.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- increasing temperaturee5
- Interactor
- Praon volucrePraon volucret0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Adult longevitye5
- Direction
- strongly decreasede5
- Qualifier
- in the range from 18 °C to 22 °Ce5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Performance of the parasitoid Praon volucre in Aulacorthum solani at five temperatures”
e0“a leaf disc of lettuce”
e5“Adult longevity strongly decreased with increasing temperature in the range from 18 °C to 22 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
Adult longevity of Praon volucre was similar from 22 °C to 26 °C.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- increasing temperaturee5
- Interactor
- Praon volucrePraon volucret0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Adult longevitye5
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede6
- Qualifier
- in the range from 22 to 26 °Ce6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Performance of the parasitoid Praon volucre in Aulacorthum solani at five temperatures”
e0“a leaf disc of lettuce”
e5“Adult longevity strongly decreased with increasing temperature in the range from 18 °C to 22 °C”
e6“but was similar in the range from 22 to 26 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
Average tibia length of Aulacorthum solani at oviposition by Praon volucre was 0.52 mm.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Interactor
- A. solaniAulacorthum solanie7pest
- Second interactor
- P. volucrePraon volucree7biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- average tibia lengthe7
- Value
- 0.52 mme7
- Qualifier
- when oviposition by P. volucre took placee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Performance of the parasitoid Praon volucre in Aulacorthum solani at five temperatures”
e0“a leaf disc of lettuce”
e7“A. solani had an average tibia length of 0.52 mm when oviposition by P. volucre took place, and 1.17 mm at mummification”
Claim · model-written summary
Average tibia length of Aulacorthum solani at mummification was 1.17 mm.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Interactor
- A. solaniAulacorthum solanie7pest
- Second interactor
- P. volucrePraon volucree7biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- average tibia lengthe7
- Value
- 1.17 mme7
- Qualifier
- at mummificatione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Performance of the parasitoid Praon volucre in Aulacorthum solani at five temperatures”
e0“a leaf disc of lettuce”
e7“A. solani had an average tibia length of 0.52 mm when oviposition by P. volucre took place, and 1.17 mm at mummification”
Claim · model-written summary
Host size of Aulacorthum solani at mummification was not influenced by temperature.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- temperaturee1
- Interactor
- Aulacorthum solaniAulacorthum solanit0pest
- Outcome
- host size at mummificatione1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Performance of the parasitoid Praon volucre in Aulacorthum solani at five temperatures”
e0“a leaf disc of lettuce”
e1“Even though host size at mummification was not influenced by temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitoid size of Praon volucre was negatively affected by higher temperatures.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- higher temperaturese1
- Interactor
- Praon volucrePraon volucret0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- parasitoid sizee1
- Direction
- negatively affectede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Performance of the parasitoid Praon volucre in Aulacorthum solani at five temperatures”
e0“a leaf disc of lettuce”
e1“parasitoid size was negatively affected by higher temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
The threshold temperature for development of Praon volucre was 4.5 °C.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Interactor
- Praon volucrePraon volucret0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- threshold temperature for developmente1
- Value
- 4.5 °Ce1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Performance of the parasitoid Praon volucre in Aulacorthum solani at five temperatures”
e0“a leaf disc of lettuce”
e1“The threshold temperature for development was 4.5 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
The thermal constant for development of Praon volucre was 270 DD.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Interactor
- Praon volucrePraon volucret0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- thermal constante1
- Value
- 270 DDe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Performance of the parasitoid Praon volucre in Aulacorthum solani at five temperatures”
e0“a leaf disc of lettuce”
e1“the thermal constant was 270 DD”
Claim · model-written summary
Praon volucre performs best at temperatures from 22 °C to 24 °C.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Interactor
- Praon volucrePraon volucret0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- P. volucree1
- Qualifier
- performs best at temperatures from 22 °C to 24 °Ce1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Performance of the parasitoid Praon volucre in Aulacorthum solani at five temperatures”
e0“a leaf disc of lettuce”
e1“P. volucre performs best at temperatures from 22 °C to 24 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
A mixture of 2nd and 3rd instar nymphs of Aulacorthum solani is adequate for rearing Praon volucre.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- a mixture of 2 nd and 3 rd instar nymphs of A. solanie1
- Interactor
- Praon volucrePraon volucret0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- rearing this parasitoide1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Performance of the parasitoid Praon volucre in Aulacorthum solani at five temperatures”
e0“a leaf disc of lettuce”
e1“a mixture of 2 nd and 3 rd instar nymphs of A. solani is adequate for rearing this parasitoid”