Abstract
ABSTRACT Plants are sessile and sensitive organisms that inevitably encounter a variety of abiotic stresses in nature. Abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, heavy metal toxicity and extreme temperatures are critical factors that reduce crop yields by more than 50% worldwide. Sustainable agriculture in harsh environments requires an understanding of the ways that crop plants respond to both biotic and abiotic factors. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of water stress and heavy metals (Cd and Cr) singly and in combination on germination and seedling growth of two Green gram (VignaradiataL.Wilzec) cultivars.Seeds of two Green gram (Vignaradiata L. Wilczek ) cv. ML – 267, TM 96-2 cultivars were subjected to water stress by using PEG – 6000 ( -0.3 MPa , -0.6 MPa , -0.9 MPa and -1.2 MPa); Cadmium and Chromium(20,60,100,200,400ppm). The seed germination percentage decreased significantly with increasing concentration of Cd and Cr. Decreased osmotic potential caused a decrease in germination percentage. In comparison with the control treatment, the lowest germination rate values determined at -0.9MPa, 400 ppm Cd and 400 ppm Cr. Shoot and root length was reduced significantly with a rise in PEG and heavy metal levels. Cd concentration had a more depressing effect on the root than on the shoot growth. Interactive effects between heavy metal and water stress on dry weight and root length was significant. According to this study the interactive effect of both stresses were however, less than additive. References Almansouri, M., Kinet, J.M., Lutts, S. 2001. Effect of salt and osmotic stresses on germination in durum wheat. Plant Soil. 231: 243-254. AOSA. 1990. Rules for Testing Seeds, USA. J Seed Technol 12:1-112. Cavusoglu, K. and Emine, Y. 2010. Detection of lipid peroxidation and cytotoxicity induced by aluminium and cobalt ions in barbunia root tip cells. J. Env.Biol. 31: 661-666. Gelmond, H. 1978. Problems in crop seed germination. In: U.S. Gupta (ed.), Crop Physiology, PP:1-78. Oxford and I.B.H. Publishing Co., New Delhi. Kaydan, D. and Yagmur, M. 2008. Germination, Seedling growth and relative water content of shoot in different seed sizes of triticale under osmotic stress of water and NaCl. Afr.J. Biotechnol. 7: 2862-2868. Lobato, A.K.S., Oliveira Neto, C.F., Costa, R.C.L., Santos Filho, B.G., Cruz, F.J.R. and Laughinghouse IV, H.D. 2008. Biochemical and physiological behavior of VignaUnguiculata (L.) Walp. Under water stress during the vegetative phase. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences. 7(1): 44-49. Misra, V. and S.D. Pandey, 2002. Effect of distillery effluent and leachates of industrial sludge on the germination of Black gram. Poll. Res. 21(4), 461-467. Michel, B.E. and Kaufmann, M.R. 1973. The osmotic potential of polyethylene glycol 6000. Plant Physiology 51, 914-916. Masoud Sinaki J., Ghorban Nour mohammadi and Abbas Maleki. 2004. Effect of Water Deficit on Seedling, Plantlets and Compatible Solutes of Forage Sorghum cv. SpeedfeedICSC. Retreived from www.cropscience.org.au/ icsc 2004 Munzuroglu, O and Zengin, F.K. 2006. Effect of Cadmium on germination, coleoptiles and root growth of barley seeds in presence of gibberellic acid and kinetin. J. Env.Biol. 27: 671-677.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Germination percentage of green gram decreased significantly with increasing Cd and Cr concentration.
- Taxon
- Green gram
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiata var. radiatae0 - Material
- ML – 267, TM 96-2e0
- Treatment
- Cadmium and Chromiume0
- Outcome
- seed germination percentagee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- control treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Seeds of two Green gram (Vignaradiata L. Wilczek ) cv. ML – 267, TM 96-2 cultivars were subjected to water stress by using PEG – 6000 ( -0.3 MPa , -0.6 MPa , -0.9 MPa and -1.2 MPa); Cadmium and Chromium(20,60,100,200,400ppm).”
e1“The seed germination percentage decreased significantly with increasing concentration of Cd and Cr”
e2“In comparison with the control treatment, the lowest germination rate values determined at -0.9MPa, 400 ppm Cd and 400 ppm Cr”
Claim · model-written summary
Decreased osmotic potential decreased green gram germination percentage.
- Taxon
- Green gramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Treatment
- Decreased osmotic potentiale3
- Outcome
- germination percentagee3
- Direction
- decreasee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seeds of two Green gram (Vignaradiata L. Wilczek ) cv. ML – 267, TM 96-2 cultivars were subjected to water stress by using PEG – 6000 ( -0.3 MPa , -0.6 MPa , -0.9 MPa and -1.2 MPa); Cadmium and Chromium(20,60,100,200,400ppm).”
e3“Decreased osmotic potential caused a decrease in germination percentage”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowest green gram germination rates occurred at -0.9MPa, 400 ppm Cd and 400 ppm Cr compared with control.
- Taxon
- Green gramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Treatment
- -0.9MPa, 400 ppm Cd and 400 ppm Cre2
- Outcome
- germination rate valuese2
- Direction
- loweste2
- Comparator
- control treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seeds of two Green gram (Vignaradiata L. Wilczek ) cv. ML – 267, TM 96-2 cultivars were subjected to water stress by using PEG – 6000 ( -0.3 MPa , -0.6 MPa , -0.9 MPa and -1.2 MPa); Cadmium and Chromium(20,60,100,200,400ppm).”
e2“In comparison with the control treatment, the lowest germination rate values determined at -0.9MPa, 400 ppm Cd and 400 ppm Cr”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot and root length of green gram were reduced significantly with rising PEG and heavy metal levels.
- Taxon
- Green gramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Treatment
- PEG and heavy metal levelse4
- Outcome
- Shoot and root lengthe4
- Direction
- reducede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seeds of two Green gram (Vignaradiata L. Wilczek ) cv. ML – 267, TM 96-2 cultivars were subjected to water stress by using PEG – 6000 ( -0.3 MPa , -0.6 MPa , -0.9 MPa and -1.2 MPa); Cadmium and Chromium(20,60,100,200,400ppm).”
e4“Shoot and root length was reduced significantly with a rise in PEG and heavy metal levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd concentration depressed green gram root growth more than shoot growth.
- Taxon
- Green gramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Treatment
- Cd concentratione5
- Outcome
- effect on the roote5
- Direction
- more depressinge5
- Comparator
- shoot growthe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seeds of two Green gram (Vignaradiata L. Wilczek ) cv. ML – 267, TM 96-2 cultivars were subjected to water stress by using PEG – 6000 ( -0.3 MPa , -0.6 MPa , -0.9 MPa and -1.2 MPa); Cadmium and Chromium(20,60,100,200,400ppm).”
e5“Cd concentration had a more depressing effect on the root than on the shoot growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The interaction of heavy metal and water stress on green gram dry weight and root length was significant.
- Taxon
- Green gramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Treatment
- heavy metal and water stresse6
- Outcome
- dry weight and root lengthe6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seeds of two Green gram (Vignaradiata L. Wilczek ) cv. ML – 267, TM 96-2 cultivars were subjected to water stress by using PEG – 6000 ( -0.3 MPa , -0.6 MPa , -0.9 MPa and -1.2 MPa); Cadmium and Chromium(20,60,100,200,400ppm).”
e6“Interactive effects between heavy metal and water stress on dry weight and root length was significant”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined effect of water stress and heavy metals on green gram was less than additive.
- Taxon
- Green gramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Treatment
- both stressese7
- Outcome
- interactive effecte7
- Direction
- less than additivee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seeds of two Green gram (Vignaradiata L. Wilczek ) cv. ML – 267, TM 96-2 cultivars were subjected to water stress by using PEG – 6000 ( -0.3 MPa , -0.6 MPa , -0.9 MPa and -1.2 MPa); Cadmium and Chromium(20,60,100,200,400ppm).”
e7“According to this study the interactive effect of both stresses were however, less than additive”
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