Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at Warangal, Andhra Pradesh during 2008-09 and 2009-10 to study the ef- fect of pre-emergence application of herbicides viz. atrazine, glyphosate, paraquat and 2, 4-D sodium salt in zero- till maize ( Zea mays L.) grown after rice ( Oryza sativa L.) as sole and tank mixtures. The lowest density (no/m2) and dry weight (g/m2) of grasses (1.0 and 1.0, respectively), sedges (9.0 and 2.0, respectively) and broad- leaved weeds (1.0 and 0.5, respectively) were observed with the tank mix application of atrazine + glyphosate (0.75 + 0.8 kg/ha) recorded at 30 days after sowing. It was at par with atrazine + paraquat (0.75 + 0.75 kg/ha). The weed con- trol efficiency was high with atrazine + glyphosate (93%) with the lowest weed persistence index (0.003) followed by atrazine + paraquat (84% and 0.021, respectively). Among the herbicides applied alone, glyphosate (1.6 kg/ha) was found to be superior to atrazine (1.5 kg/ha) and paraquat (1.5 kg/ha) for density, dry weight of weeds and weed-control efficiency. The grain yield obtained with tank mix application of atrazine + glyphosate (5.25 t/ha) was 170 and 70% more over weedy check and sole atrazine, respectively. Among all the herbicides and mixtures, atrazine + glyphosate gave the maximum net returns ( 29,350/ha) and benefit : cost ratio (1.71) fol- lowed by atrazine + paraquat due to the broad - spectrum control of weeds.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine + glyphosate tank mix gave the lowest density and dry weight of grasses at 30 days after sowing, at par with atrazine + paraquat.
- Treatment
- tank mix application of atrazine + glyphosate (0.75 + 0.8 kg/ha)e2
- Interactor
- grassese2weed
- Outcome
- density (no/m2) and dry weight (g/m2)e2
- Direction
- loweste2
- Value
- 1.0 and 1.0e2
- Qualifier
- recorded at 30 days after sowinge2
- Comparator
- atrazine + paraquate3
- Setting
- Warangal, Andhra Pradeshe1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A field experiment was conducted at Warangal, Andhra Pradesh during 2008-09 and 2009-10 to study the ef- fect of pre-emergence application of herbicides viz. atrazine, glyphosate, paraquat and 2, 4-D sodium salt in zero- till maize ( Zea mays L.) grown after rice ( Oryza sativa L.) as sole and tank mixtures”
e2“The lowest density (no/m2) and dry weight (g/m2) of grasses (1.0 and 1.0, respectively), sedges (9.0 and 2.0, respectively) and broad- leaved weeds (1.0 and 0.5, respectively) were observed with the tank mix application of atrazine + glyphosate (0.75 + 0.8 kg/ha) recorded at 30 days after sowing”
e3“It was at par with atrazine + paraquat (0.75 + 0.75 kg/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine + glyphosate tank mix gave the lowest density and dry weight of sedges at 30 days after sowing, at par with atrazine + paraquat.
- Treatment
- tank mix application of atrazine + glyphosate (0.75 + 0.8 kg/ha)e2
- Outcome
- density (no/m2) and dry weight (g/m2)e2
- Direction
- loweste2
- Value
- 9.0 and 2.0e2
- Qualifier
- recorded at 30 days after sowinge2
- Comparator
- atrazine + paraquate3
- Setting
- Warangal, Andhra Pradeshe1
CarexOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A field experiment was conducted at Warangal, Andhra Pradesh during 2008-09 and 2009-10 to study the ef- fect of pre-emergence application of herbicides viz. atrazine, glyphosate, paraquat and 2, 4-D sodium salt in zero- till maize ( Zea mays L.) grown after rice ( Oryza sativa L.) as sole and tank mixtures”
e2“The lowest density (no/m2) and dry weight (g/m2) of grasses (1.0 and 1.0, respectively), sedges (9.0 and 2.0, respectively) and broad- leaved weeds (1.0 and 0.5, respectively) were observed with the tank mix application of atrazine + glyphosate (0.75 + 0.8 kg/ha) recorded at 30 days after sowing”
e3“It was at par with atrazine + paraquat (0.75 + 0.75 kg/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine + glyphosate tank mix gave the lowest density and dry weight of broad- leaved weeds at 30 days after sowing, at par with atrazine + paraquat.
- Treatment
- tank mix application of atrazine + glyphosate (0.75 + 0.8 kg/ha)e2
- Interactor
- broad- leaved weedse2weed
- Outcome
- density (no/m2) and dry weight (g/m2)e2
- Direction
- loweste2
- Value
- 1.0 and 0.5e2
- Qualifier
- recorded at 30 days after sowinge2
- Comparator
- atrazine + paraquate3
- Setting
- Warangal, Andhra Pradeshe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A field experiment was conducted at Warangal, Andhra Pradesh during 2008-09 and 2009-10 to study the ef- fect of pre-emergence application of herbicides viz. atrazine, glyphosate, paraquat and 2, 4-D sodium salt in zero- till maize ( Zea mays L.) grown after rice ( Oryza sativa L.) as sole and tank mixtures”
e2“The lowest density (no/m2) and dry weight (g/m2) of grasses (1.0 and 1.0, respectively), sedges (9.0 and 2.0, respectively) and broad- leaved weeds (1.0 and 0.5, respectively) were observed with the tank mix application of atrazine + glyphosate (0.75 + 0.8 kg/ha) recorded at 30 days after sowing”
e3“It was at par with atrazine + paraquat (0.75 + 0.75 kg/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine + glyphosate tank mix gave a high weed control efficiency of 93%.
- Treatment
- atrazine + glyphosatee4
- Outcome
- weed con- trol efficiencye4
- Direction
- highe4
- Value
- 93%e4
- Setting
- Warangal, Andhra Pradeshe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A field experiment was conducted at Warangal, Andhra Pradesh during 2008-09 and 2009-10 to study the ef- fect of pre-emergence application of herbicides viz. atrazine, glyphosate, paraquat and 2, 4-D sodium salt in zero- till maize ( Zea mays L.) grown after rice ( Oryza sativa L.) as sole and tank mixtures”
e4“The weed con- trol efficiency was high with atrazine + glyphosate (93%) with the lowest weed persistence index (0.003) followed by atrazine + paraquat (84% and 0.021, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine + glyphosate tank mix gave the lowest weed persistence index, 0.003.
- Treatment
- atrazine + glyphosatee4
- Outcome
- weed persistence indexe4
- Direction
- loweste4
- Value
- 0.003e4
- Setting
- Warangal, Andhra Pradeshe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A field experiment was conducted at Warangal, Andhra Pradesh during 2008-09 and 2009-10 to study the ef- fect of pre-emergence application of herbicides viz. atrazine, glyphosate, paraquat and 2, 4-D sodium salt in zero- till maize ( Zea mays L.) grown after rice ( Oryza sativa L.) as sole and tank mixtures”
e4“The weed con- trol efficiency was high with atrazine + glyphosate (93%) with the lowest weed persistence index (0.003) followed by atrazine + paraquat (84% and 0.021, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine + paraquat tank mix gave a weed control efficiency of 84%, following atrazine + glyphosate.
- Treatment
- atrazine + paraquate4
- Outcome
- weed con- trol efficiencye4
- Value
- 84%e4
- Setting
- Warangal, Andhra Pradeshe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A field experiment was conducted at Warangal, Andhra Pradesh during 2008-09 and 2009-10 to study the ef- fect of pre-emergence application of herbicides viz. atrazine, glyphosate, paraquat and 2, 4-D sodium salt in zero- till maize ( Zea mays L.) grown after rice ( Oryza sativa L.) as sole and tank mixtures”
e4“The weed con- trol efficiency was high with atrazine + glyphosate (93%) with the lowest weed persistence index (0.003) followed by atrazine + paraquat (84% and 0.021, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine + paraquat tank mix gave a weed persistence index of 0.021, following atrazine + glyphosate.
- Treatment
- atrazine + paraquate4
- Outcome
- weed persistence indexe4
- Value
- 0.021e4
- Setting
- Warangal, Andhra Pradeshe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A field experiment was conducted at Warangal, Andhra Pradesh during 2008-09 and 2009-10 to study the ef- fect of pre-emergence application of herbicides viz. atrazine, glyphosate, paraquat and 2, 4-D sodium salt in zero- till maize ( Zea mays L.) grown after rice ( Oryza sativa L.) as sole and tank mixtures”
e4“The weed con- trol efficiency was high with atrazine + glyphosate (93%) with the lowest weed persistence index (0.003) followed by atrazine + paraquat (84% and 0.021, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Among herbicides applied alone, glyphosate was superior to atrazine and paraquat for weed density, weed dry weight and weed control efficiency.
- Treatment
- glyphosate (1.6 kg/ha)e5
- Interactor
- weedse5weed
- Outcome
- density, dry weight of weeds and weed-control efficiencye5
- Direction
- superiore5
- Comparator
- atrazine (1.5 kg/ha) and paraquat (1.5 kg/ha)e5
- Setting
- Warangal, Andhra Pradeshe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A field experiment was conducted at Warangal, Andhra Pradesh during 2008-09 and 2009-10 to study the ef- fect of pre-emergence application of herbicides viz. atrazine, glyphosate, paraquat and 2, 4-D sodium salt in zero- till maize ( Zea mays L.) grown after rice ( Oryza sativa L.) as sole and tank mixtures”
e5“Among the herbicides applied alone, glyphosate (1.6 kg/ha) was found to be superior to atrazine (1.5 kg/ha) and paraquat (1.5 kg/ha) for density, dry weight of weeds and weed-control efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine + glyphosate tank mix increased grain yield by 170% over the weedy check.
- Treatment
- tank mix application of atrazine + glyphosatee6
- Outcome
- grain yielde6
- Direction
- moree6
- Value
- 170e6
- Comparator
- weedy checke6
- Setting
- Warangal, Andhra Pradeshe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A field experiment was conducted at Warangal, Andhra Pradesh during 2008-09 and 2009-10 to study the ef- fect of pre-emergence application of herbicides viz. atrazine, glyphosate, paraquat and 2, 4-D sodium salt in zero- till maize ( Zea mays L.) grown after rice ( Oryza sativa L.) as sole and tank mixtures”
e6“The grain yield obtained with tank mix application of atrazine + glyphosate (5.25 t/ha) was 170 and 70% more over weedy check and sole atrazine, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine + glyphosate tank mix increased grain yield by 70% over sole atrazine.
- Treatment
- tank mix application of atrazine + glyphosatee6
- Outcome
- grain yielde6
- Direction
- moree6
- Value
- 70%e6
- Comparator
- sole atrazinee6
- Setting
- Warangal, Andhra Pradeshe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A field experiment was conducted at Warangal, Andhra Pradesh during 2008-09 and 2009-10 to study the ef- fect of pre-emergence application of herbicides viz. atrazine, glyphosate, paraquat and 2, 4-D sodium salt in zero- till maize ( Zea mays L.) grown after rice ( Oryza sativa L.) as sole and tank mixtures”
e6“The grain yield obtained with tank mix application of atrazine + glyphosate (5.25 t/ha) was 170 and 70% more over weedy check and sole atrazine, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield with atrazine + glyphosate tank mix was 5.25 t/ha.
- Treatment
- tank mix application of atrazine + glyphosatee6
- Outcome
- grain yielde6
- Value
- 5.25 t/hae6
- Setting
- Warangal, Andhra Pradeshe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A field experiment was conducted at Warangal, Andhra Pradesh during 2008-09 and 2009-10 to study the ef- fect of pre-emergence application of herbicides viz. atrazine, glyphosate, paraquat and 2, 4-D sodium salt in zero- till maize ( Zea mays L.) grown after rice ( Oryza sativa L.) as sole and tank mixtures”
e6“The grain yield obtained with tank mix application of atrazine + glyphosate (5.25 t/ha) was 170 and 70% more over weedy check and sole atrazine, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine + glyphosate gave the maximum net returns, 29,350/ha, among all herbicides and mixtures.
- Treatment
- atrazine + glyphosatee7
- Outcome
- net returnse7
- Direction
- maximume7
- Value
- 29,350/hae7
- Comparator
- all the herbicides and mixturese7
- Setting
- Warangal, Andhra Pradeshe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A field experiment was conducted at Warangal, Andhra Pradesh during 2008-09 and 2009-10 to study the ef- fect of pre-emergence application of herbicides viz. atrazine, glyphosate, paraquat and 2, 4-D sodium salt in zero- till maize ( Zea mays L.) grown after rice ( Oryza sativa L.) as sole and tank mixtures”
e7“Among all the herbicides and mixtures, atrazine + glyphosate gave the maximum net returns ( 29,350/ha) and benefit : cost ratio (1.71)”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine + glyphosate gave the maximum benefit to cost ratio, 1.71.
- Treatment
- atrazine + glyphosatee7
- Outcome
- benefit : cost ratioe7
- Direction
- maximume7
- Value
- 1.71e7
- Setting
- Warangal, Andhra Pradeshe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A field experiment was conducted at Warangal, Andhra Pradesh during 2008-09 and 2009-10 to study the ef- fect of pre-emergence application of herbicides viz. atrazine, glyphosate, paraquat and 2, 4-D sodium salt in zero- till maize ( Zea mays L.) grown after rice ( Oryza sativa L.) as sole and tank mixtures”
e7“Among all the herbicides and mixtures, atrazine + glyphosate gave the maximum net returns ( 29,350/ha) and benefit : cost ratio (1.71)”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.