Abstract
Bur buttercup (Ranunculus testiculatus Crantz) is an alien annual species that has spread rapidly through range and croplands in the western United States. This species is potentially poisonous and is currently a weed in cereal grain fields. We investigated the germination of the achenes (seeds). About 30% of the seeds of bur buttercup germinated without pretreatment, but only at cool to cold temperatures (maximum germination 28% at 5 degrees C). Germination was not enhanced by light, washing, or prechilling of seeds. Acid scarification for 25 minutes increased germination. Enrichment of the germination substrate with 0.289 mmol L-1 gibberellic acid (GA3) and 0.01 mol L-1 potassium nitrate (KNO3) synergistically enhanced the germination of acid scarified seeds. Incubation of seeds pretreated in this manner at 55 constant or alternating temperatures resulted in maximum germination of 70%. All temperature regimes with optimum germination (defined as not lower than the maximum observed and one-half its confidence interval at 0.01 level of probability) occurred at relatively cool temperatures. Temperatures above 30 degrees C greatly suppressed or inhibited germination. Embryonic plants dissected from the achene costs had 60% germination without additional pretreatment, but only at cool to cold incubation temperatures. The germination-dormancy requirements of bur buttercup seeds are obviously complex, but about 30% of the seeds appear adapted for germination at cold seedbed temperatures, which fits with the extreme ephemeral growth habit of the species.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
About 30% of bur buttercup seeds germinated without pretreatment, only at cool to cold temperatures.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus testiculatus
Ranunculus testiculatuse0 - Treatment
- cool to cold temperaturese0
- Outcome
- germinatede0
- Value
- About 30%e0
- Qualifier
- without pretreatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bur buttercup (Ranunculus testiculatus Crantz) is an alien annual species that has spread rapidly through range and croplands in the western United States. This species is potentially poisonous and is currently a weed in cereal grain fields. We investigated the germination of the achenes (seeds). About 30% of the seeds of bur buttercup germinated without pretreatment, but only at cool to cold temperatures (maximum germination 28% at 5 degrees C)”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum germination of bur buttercup seeds without pretreatment was 28% at 5 degrees C.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus testiculatusRanunculus testiculatuse0
- Treatment
- 5 degrees Ce0
- Outcome
- maximum germinatione0
- Value
- 28%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bur buttercup (Ranunculus testiculatus Crantz) is an alien annual species that has spread rapidly through range and croplands in the western United States. This species is potentially poisonous and is currently a weed in cereal grain fields. We investigated the germination of the achenes (seeds). About 30% of the seeds of bur buttercup germinated without pretreatment, but only at cool to cold temperatures (maximum germination 28% at 5 degrees C)”
Claim · model-written summary
Light did not enhance germination of bur buttercup seeds.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus testiculatusRanunculus testiculatuse0
- Treatment
- lighte1
- Outcome
- Germinatione1
- Direction
- not enhancede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bur buttercup (Ranunculus testiculatus Crantz) is an alien annual species that has spread rapidly through range and croplands in the western United States. This species is potentially poisonous and is currently a weed in cereal grain fields. We investigated the germination of the achenes (seeds). About 30% of the seeds of bur buttercup germinated without pretreatment, but only at cool to cold temperatures (maximum germination 28% at 5 degrees C)”
e1“Germination was not enhanced by light, washing, or prechilling of seeds. Acid scarification for 25 minutes increased germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Washing did not enhance germination of bur buttercup seeds.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus testiculatusRanunculus testiculatuse0
- Treatment
- washinge1
- Outcome
- Germinatione1
- Direction
- not enhancede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bur buttercup (Ranunculus testiculatus Crantz) is an alien annual species that has spread rapidly through range and croplands in the western United States. This species is potentially poisonous and is currently a weed in cereal grain fields. We investigated the germination of the achenes (seeds). About 30% of the seeds of bur buttercup germinated without pretreatment, but only at cool to cold temperatures (maximum germination 28% at 5 degrees C)”
e1“Germination was not enhanced by light, washing, or prechilling of seeds. Acid scarification for 25 minutes increased germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Prechilling did not enhance germination of bur buttercup seeds.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus testiculatusRanunculus testiculatuse0
- Treatment
- prechillinge1
- Outcome
- Germinatione1
- Direction
- not enhancede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bur buttercup (Ranunculus testiculatus Crantz) is an alien annual species that has spread rapidly through range and croplands in the western United States. This species is potentially poisonous and is currently a weed in cereal grain fields. We investigated the germination of the achenes (seeds). About 30% of the seeds of bur buttercup germinated without pretreatment, but only at cool to cold temperatures (maximum germination 28% at 5 degrees C)”
e1“Germination was not enhanced by light, washing, or prechilling of seeds. Acid scarification for 25 minutes increased germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid scarification for 25 minutes increased germination of bur buttercup seeds.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus testiculatusRanunculus testiculatuse0
- Treatment
- Acid scarification for 25 minutese1
- Outcome
- germinatione1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bur buttercup (Ranunculus testiculatus Crantz) is an alien annual species that has spread rapidly through range and croplands in the western United States. This species is potentially poisonous and is currently a weed in cereal grain fields. We investigated the germination of the achenes (seeds). About 30% of the seeds of bur buttercup germinated without pretreatment, but only at cool to cold temperatures (maximum germination 28% at 5 degrees C)”
e1“Germination was not enhanced by light, washing, or prechilling of seeds. Acid scarification for 25 minutes increased germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate in the substrate synergistically enhanced germination of acid-scarified bur buttercup seeds.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus testiculatusRanunculus testiculatuse0
- Treatment
- Enrichment of the germination substrate with 0.289 mmol L-1 gibberellic acid (GA3) and 0.01 mol L-1 potassium nitrate (KNO3)e2
- Outcome
- germinatione2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Qualifier
- synergisticallye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bur buttercup (Ranunculus testiculatus Crantz) is an alien annual species that has spread rapidly through range and croplands in the western United States. This species is potentially poisonous and is currently a weed in cereal grain fields. We investigated the germination of the achenes (seeds). About 30% of the seeds of bur buttercup germinated without pretreatment, but only at cool to cold temperatures (maximum germination 28% at 5 degrees C)”
e2“Enrichment of the germination substrate with 0.289 mmol L-1 gibberellic acid (GA3) and 0.01 mol L-1 potassium nitrate (KNO3) synergistically enhanced the germination of acid scarified seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Pretreated seeds incubated at constant or alternating temperatures reached maximum germination of 70%.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus testiculatusRanunculus testiculatuse0
- Treatment
- Incubation of seeds pretreated in this mannere3
- Outcome
- maximum germinatione3
- Value
- 70%e3
- Qualifier
- at 55 constant or alternating temperaturese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bur buttercup (Ranunculus testiculatus Crantz) is an alien annual species that has spread rapidly through range and croplands in the western United States. This species is potentially poisonous and is currently a weed in cereal grain fields. We investigated the germination of the achenes (seeds). About 30% of the seeds of bur buttercup germinated without pretreatment, but only at cool to cold temperatures (maximum germination 28% at 5 degrees C)”
e3“Incubation of seeds pretreated in this manner at 55 constant or alternating temperatures resulted in maximum germination of 70%”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature regimes with optimum germination of bur buttercup occurred at relatively cool temperatures.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus testiculatusRanunculus testiculatuse0
- Outcome
- optimum germinatione4
- Qualifier
- occurred at relatively cool temperaturese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bur buttercup (Ranunculus testiculatus Crantz) is an alien annual species that has spread rapidly through range and croplands in the western United States. This species is potentially poisonous and is currently a weed in cereal grain fields. We investigated the germination of the achenes (seeds). About 30% of the seeds of bur buttercup germinated without pretreatment, but only at cool to cold temperatures (maximum germination 28% at 5 degrees C)”
e4“All temperature regimes with optimum germination (defined as not lower than the maximum observed and one-half its confidence interval at 0.01 level of probability) occurred at relatively cool temperatures. Temperatures above 30 degrees C greatly suppressed or inhibited germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperatures above 30 degrees C suppressed germination of bur buttercup seeds.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus testiculatusRanunculus testiculatuse0
- Treatment
- Temperatures above 30 degrees Ce4
- Outcome
- germinatione4
- Direction
- suppressede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bur buttercup (Ranunculus testiculatus Crantz) is an alien annual species that has spread rapidly through range and croplands in the western United States. This species is potentially poisonous and is currently a weed in cereal grain fields. We investigated the germination of the achenes (seeds). About 30% of the seeds of bur buttercup germinated without pretreatment, but only at cool to cold temperatures (maximum germination 28% at 5 degrees C)”
e4“All temperature regimes with optimum germination (defined as not lower than the maximum observed and one-half its confidence interval at 0.01 level of probability) occurred at relatively cool temperatures. Temperatures above 30 degrees C greatly suppressed or inhibited germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Embryonic plants dissected from achene coats had 60% germination without additional pretreatment.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus testiculatusRanunculus testiculatuse0
- Material
- Embryonic plantse5
- Outcome
- germinatione5
- Value
- 60%e5
- Qualifier
- without additional pretreatmente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bur buttercup (Ranunculus testiculatus Crantz) is an alien annual species that has spread rapidly through range and croplands in the western United States. This species is potentially poisonous and is currently a weed in cereal grain fields. We investigated the germination of the achenes (seeds). About 30% of the seeds of bur buttercup germinated without pretreatment, but only at cool to cold temperatures (maximum germination 28% at 5 degrees C)”
e5“Embryonic plants dissected from the achene costs had 60% germination without additional pretreatment, but only at cool to cold incubation temperatures. The germination-dormancy requirements of bur buttercup seeds are obviously complex, but about 30% of the seeds appear adapted for germination at cold seedbed temperatures, which fits with the extreme ephemeral growth habit of the species”
Claim · model-written summary
About 30% of seeds appear adapted for germination at cold seedbed temperatures.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus testiculatusRanunculus testiculatuse0
- Outcome
- adapted for germinatione5
- Value
- about 30%e5
- Qualifier
- at cold seedbed temperaturese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bur buttercup (Ranunculus testiculatus Crantz) is an alien annual species that has spread rapidly through range and croplands in the western United States. This species is potentially poisonous and is currently a weed in cereal grain fields. We investigated the germination of the achenes (seeds). About 30% of the seeds of bur buttercup germinated without pretreatment, but only at cool to cold temperatures (maximum germination 28% at 5 degrees C)”
e5“Embryonic plants dissected from the achene costs had 60% germination without additional pretreatment, but only at cool to cold incubation temperatures. The germination-dormancy requirements of bur buttercup seeds are obviously complex, but about 30% of the seeds appear adapted for germination at cold seedbed temperatures, which fits with the extreme ephemeral growth habit of the species”
Claim · model-written summary
The germination-dormancy requirements of bur buttercup seeds are complex.
- Taxon
- Ranunculus testiculatusRanunculus testiculatuse0
- Outcome
- germination-dormancy requirementse5
- Qualifier
- obviously complexe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bur buttercup (Ranunculus testiculatus Crantz) is an alien annual species that has spread rapidly through range and croplands in the western United States. This species is potentially poisonous and is currently a weed in cereal grain fields. We investigated the germination of the achenes (seeds). About 30% of the seeds of bur buttercup germinated without pretreatment, but only at cool to cold temperatures (maximum germination 28% at 5 degrees C)”
e5“Embryonic plants dissected from the achene costs had 60% germination without additional pretreatment, but only at cool to cold incubation temperatures. The germination-dormancy requirements of bur buttercup seeds are obviously complex, but about 30% of the seeds appear adapted for germination at cold seedbed temperatures, which fits with the extreme ephemeral growth habit of the species”