Abstract
A study of stress distribution inside a germinated brown rice (GBR) kernel during drying is important to understand the fissure formation of GBR and hence control the drying process in order to improve the quality of GBR. In this study, a finite element method performed in three dimensions in conjunction with the heat and mass balance of the drying system was developed to describe moisture, temperature, and stress distributions inside GBR kernels during fluidized bed drying. The modeling was carried out using the coupling of heat and mass transfer and validated with experimental data at 90–150°C. The results of moisture and temperature predictions agreed well with the experiments. During drying, tensile stress occurred at the layers close to surface and compressive stress occurred at the inner portion of a kernel. The tensile and compressive stresses increased to the highest value at about 30 s of drying, corresponding to the highest moisture gradient, and then decreased afterwards. The tensile and compressive stresses were higher at a higher drying temperature. These stress prediction results corresponded to the experiments, which show more severe GBR fissuring at higher drying temperatures.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Predicted kernel moisture and temperature agreed well with experiments.
Verbatim
t0“germinated brown rice kernels”
e0“The results of moisture and temperature predictions agreed well with the experiments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Tensile stress occurred near the kernel surface during drying.
Verbatim
t0“germinated brown rice kernels”
e1“During drying, tensile stress occurred at the layers close to surface and compressive stress occurred at the inner portion of a kernel.”
Claim · model-written summary
Compressive stress occurred in the inner kernel during drying.
Verbatim
t0“germinated brown rice kernels”
e1“During drying, tensile stress occurred at the layers close to surface and compressive stress occurred at the inner portion of a kernel.”
Claim · model-written summary
Tensile and compressive stresses peaked at about 30 seconds of drying and subsequently decreased.
Verbatim
t0“germinated brown rice kernels”
e2“The tensile and compressive stresses increased to the highest value at about 30 s of drying, corresponding to the highest moisture gradient, and then decreased afterwards.”
Claim · model-written summary
Tensile and compressive stress was higher at higher drying temperature.
Verbatim
t0“germinated brown rice kernels”
e3“The tensile and compressive stresses were higher at a higher drying temperature.”
Claim · model-written summary
Experiments showed more severe kernel fissuring at higher drying temperatures.
Verbatim
t0“germinated brown rice kernels”
e4“These stress prediction results corresponded to the experiments, which show more severe GBR fissuring at higher drying temperatures.”