Abstract
The management of major field insect pests of cowpea under calendar and monitored sprays of cypermethrin was studied. The major insect pests studied were the co wpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch, legume bud thrips Megalurothrips sjostedti Tryb, legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fab. and pod sucking bugs. Influence of insect pe st management on yield was also determined. The calendar sprays consisted of 7 days' spray intervals carried out 5 times and 10 d ays' spray intervals, carried out 4 times. Monitored spray was carried out only when insect pest infestation/damage reached or exce eded the action threshold. The experiments were conducted in the Teaching and Research Farms of the Agronomy department, Asaba Campus, Delta State University, Nigeria. Comparison of insect pests and grain yield from the calendar and monitored spray treatments was made if differences existed among them. Results indicated that all the cypermethrin treatments effectively c ontrolled M. sjostedti , M. vitrata , flower bud thrip population and pod sucking bugs when compared to control in the early season. Ther e was however, no significant difference (P>0.05) in calendar and mon itored sprays. Similar observation was made for gr ain yield. In the late season, all treatments significantly (P<0.05) contr olled pest population/damage on cowpea. Grain yiel d increase was similarly recorded but no differences among the treatments. Cowpea growers sometimes apply insecticides as many as 8 to 10 times to control insect pests during the growing season; the study here provides evidence (1) that 10 days' int erval spray and monitored spray can be as profitable as 7 days' interval spra y in cowpea production and (2) this could reduce th e number of chemical application, save cost as well as environmental pol lution and hazards to consumers.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Cypermethrin treatments effectively controlled M. sjostedti compared with control in the early season.
- Taxon
- cowpea
Vigna unguiculatat0 - Treatment
- cypermethrin treatmentse1
- Interactor
- M. sjostedtiMegalurothrips sjostedtie1pest
- Outcome
- populatione1
- Direction
- controllede1
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- Asaba Campus, Delta State University, Nigeriae4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Management of major field insect pests and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp)”
e1“all the cypermethrin treatments effectively c ontrolled M. sjostedti , M. vitrata , flower bud thrip population and pod sucking bugs when compared to control in the early season”
e4“The experiments were conducted in the Teaching and Research Farms of the Agronomy department, Asaba Campus, Delta State University, Nigeria”
Claim · model-written summary
Cypermethrin treatments effectively controlled M. vitrata compared with control in the early season.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- cypermethrin treatmentse1
- Interactor
- M. vitrata
Maruca vitratae1pest - Outcome
- populatione1
- Direction
- controllede1
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- Asaba Campus, Delta State University, Nigeriae4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Management of major field insect pests and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp)”
e1“all the cypermethrin treatments effectively c ontrolled M. sjostedti , M. vitrata , flower bud thrip population and pod sucking bugs when compared to control in the early season”
e4“The experiments were conducted in the Teaching and Research Farms of the Agronomy department, Asaba Campus, Delta State University, Nigeria”
Claim · model-written summary
Cypermethrin treatments effectively controlled flower bud thrips compared with control in the early season.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- cypermethrin treatmentse1
- Interactor
- flower bud thripe1pest
- Outcome
- populatione1
- Direction
- controllede1
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- Asaba Campus, Delta State University, Nigeriae4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Management of major field insect pests and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp)”
e1“all the cypermethrin treatments effectively c ontrolled M. sjostedti , M. vitrata , flower bud thrip population and pod sucking bugs when compared to control in the early season”
e4“The experiments were conducted in the Teaching and Research Farms of the Agronomy department, Asaba Campus, Delta State University, Nigeria”
Claim · model-written summary
Cypermethrin treatments effectively controlled pod sucking bugs compared with control in the early season.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- cypermethrin treatmentse1
- Interactor
- pod sucking bugse1pest
- Outcome
- populatione1
- Direction
- controllede1
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- Asaba Campus, Delta State University, Nigeriae4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Management of major field insect pests and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp)”
e1“all the cypermethrin treatments effectively c ontrolled M. sjostedti , M. vitrata , flower bud thrip population and pod sucking bugs when compared to control in the early season”
e4“The experiments were conducted in the Teaching and Research Farms of the Agronomy department, Asaba Campus, Delta State University, Nigeria”
Claim · model-written summary
Monitored and calendar cypermethrin sprays did not differ significantly in insect pest outcomes in the early season.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- monitored sprayse2
- Outcome
- insect pestse3
- Direction
- no significant differencee2
- Comparator
- calendare2
- Setting
- Asaba Campus, Delta State University, Nigeriae4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Management of major field insect pests and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp)”
e2“Ther e was however, no significant difference (P>0.05) in calendar and mon itored sprays”
e3“Comparison of insect pests and grain yield from the calendar and monitored spray treatments was made if differences existed among them”
e4“The experiments were conducted in the Teaching and Research Farms of the Agronomy department, Asaba Campus, Delta State University, Nigeria”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield was similar between monitored and calendar cypermethrin sprays on cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- monitored sprayse2
- Outcome
- grain yielde6
- Direction
- Similare6
- Comparator
- calendare2
- Setting
- Asaba Campus, Delta State University, Nigeriae4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Management of major field insect pests and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp)”
e2“Ther e was however, no significant difference (P>0.05) in calendar and mon itored sprays”
e6“Similar observation was made for gr ain yield”
e4“The experiments were conducted in the Teaching and Research Farms of the Agronomy department, Asaba Campus, Delta State University, Nigeria”
Claim · model-written summary
All cypermethrin treatments significantly controlled pest population or damage on cowpea in the late season.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- all treatmentse5
- Outcome
- pest population/damagee5
- Direction
- controllede5
- Setting
- Asaba Campus, Delta State University, Nigeriae4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Management of major field insect pests and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp)”
e5“In the late season, all treatments significantly (P<0.05) contr olled pest population/damage on cowpea”
e4“The experiments were conducted in the Teaching and Research Farms of the Agronomy department, Asaba Campus, Delta State University, Nigeria”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield of cowpea increased under the spray treatments, with no differences among the treatments.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- the treatmentse7
- Outcome
- Grain yielde7
- Direction
- increasee7
- Qualifier
- no differences among the treatmentse7
- Setting
- Asaba Campus, Delta State University, Nigeriae4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Management of major field insect pests and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp)”
e7“Grain yiel d increase was similarly recorded but no differences among the treatments”
e4“The experiments were conducted in the Teaching and Research Farms of the Agronomy department, Asaba Campus, Delta State University, Nigeria”
Claim · model-written summary
A 10-day interval cypermethrin spray and monitored spray can be as profitable as a 7-day interval spray in cowpea production.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- 10 days' interval spraye6
- Outcome
- profitablee6
- Comparator
- 7 days' interval spraye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Management of major field insect pests and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp)”
e6“10 days' int erval spray and monitored spray can be as profitable as 7 days' interval spra y in cowpea production”
Claim · model-written summary
A 10-day interval spray and monitored spray could reduce the number of chemical applications on cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Outcome
- number of chemical applicatione7
- Direction
- reducee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Management of major field insect pests and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp)”
e7“this could reduce th e number of chemical application”
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