Abstract
The evolution and maintenance of gender dimorphism was investigated in the New Zealand genus Hebe (Scrophulariaceae). Hebe originated within New Zealand and gender dimorphism is postulated to have evolved separately four times within the genus. Gender was found to be controlled at least partially by nuclear genes for one species of Hebe. Most species are self-compatible, and H. subalpina was shown to exhibit inbreeding depression. The frequency of females was found to be negatively correlated with the amount of fruit set on the polleniferous (or male) morpho Dimorphism is correlated with altitude, and it is hypothesized, based on the pollinators present at different altitudes and degree to which they self-fertilize flowers, that separate sexes evolved in response to the increased level of self pollination that occurs at the higher altitudes. Female frequency varied greatly among the populations of H. strictissima, and was found to be negatively correlated with the relative seed fitness of the males. Fruit set on the males varied greatly in response to plant vigour within plants, among plants within populations, and among populations. Fruit set on females was not correlated with plant vigour, and varied less between populations. Female plants were more prevalent in relatively poor sites where male seed fitness was low. Gender estimates for H. subalpina, based on fruit set, sex ratio, seed production, inbreeding depression, and the rate of self-fertilization, showed that males received less than four per cent of their fitness through ovules. H. subalpina is, therefore, near the dioecy end of gynodioecy. Fruit set on males varies much more than that on females, and is dependent on both the status of individual shoots and the genotype of the plant. Resource allocation patterns differ according to sex, and reflect the way in which the sexes receive their fitness.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
The authors postulated four separate origins of gender dimorphism in Hebe.
- Taxon
- HebeVeronica sect. Hebee0
- Outcome
- gender dimorphisme0
- Value
- four timese0
- Setting
- New Zealande0
Verbatim
e0“Hebe originated within New Zealand and gender dimorphism is postulated to have evolved separately four times within the genus.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nuclear genes partly control gender in one Hebe species.
- Taxon
- HebeVeronica sect. Hebee0
- Gene
- nuclear genese0
- Outcome
- Gendere0
Verbatim
e0“Gender was found to be controlled at least partially by nuclear genes for one species of Hebe.”
Claim · model-written summary
Most Hebe species are self-compatible.
Verbatim
e0“Most species are self-compatible, and H. subalpina was shown to exhibit inbreeding depression.”
Claim · model-written summary
H. subalpina exhibited inbreeding depression.
- Taxon
- H. subalpina
Veronica subalpinae0 - Outcome
- inbreeding depressione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“H. subalpina was shown to exhibit inbreeding depression.”
Claim · model-written summary
Female frequency declined with fruit set on the polleniferous morph.
- Organ / stage
- polleniferous (or male) morphoe0
- Outcome
- frequency of femalese0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
- Comparator
- fruit sete0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The frequency of females was found to be negatively correlated with the amount of fruit set on the polleniferous (or male) morpho”
Claim · model-written summary
Gender dimorphism correlated with altitude.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Dimorphism is correlated with altitude”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors hypothesized that higher-altitude self-pollination favored separate sexes.
- Interactor
- pollinatorse0pollinator
- Outcome
- separate sexese0
- Qualifier
- increased level of self pollinatione0
- Setting
- higher altitudese0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“it is hypothesized, based on the pollinators present at different altitudes and degree to which they self-fertilize flowers, that separate sexes evolved in response to the increased level of self pollination that occurs at the higher altitudes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Female frequency varied greatly among H. strictissima populations.
- Taxon
- H. strictissima
.jpg?width=60)
Veronica strictissimae0 - Outcome
- Female frequencye0
- Direction
- varied greatlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Female frequency varied greatly among the populations of H. strictissima”
Claim · model-written summary
In H. strictissima, female frequency declined as relative male seed fitness rose.
- Outcome
- Female frequencye0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
- Comparator
- relative seed fitness of the malese0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Female frequency varied greatly among the populations of H. strictissima, and was found to be negatively correlated with the relative seed fitness of the males.”
Claim · model-written summary
Male fruit set varied strongly with plant vigour within and among plants and populations.
- Organ / stage
- malese0
- Outcome
- Fruit set on the malese0
- Direction
- varied greatlye0
- Comparator
- plant vigoure0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Fruit set on the males varied greatly in response to plant vigour within plants, among plants within populations, and among populations.”
Claim · model-written summary
Female fruit set was not correlated with plant vigour.
- Organ / stage
- femalese0
- Outcome
- Fruit set on femalese0
- Direction
- not correlatede0
- Comparator
- plant vigoure0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Fruit set on females was not correlated with plant vigour”
Claim · model-written summary
Female fruit set varied less among populations.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Fruit set on females was not correlated with plant vigour, and varied less between populations.”
Claim · model-written summary
Female plants were more prevalent at poor sites with low male seed fitness.
- Outcome
- Female plantse0
- Direction
- more prevalente0
- Comparator
- male seed fitnesse0
- Setting
- relatively poor sitese0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Female plants were more prevalent in relatively poor sites where male seed fitness was low.”
Claim · model-written summary
Male H. subalpina received less than four per cent of fitness through ovules.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“males received less than four per cent of their fitness through ovules.”
Claim · model-written summary
H. subalpina was near the dioecy end of gynodioecy.
- Taxon
- H. subalpinaVeronica subalpinae0
- Outcome
- dioecy end of gynodioecye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“H. subalpina is, therefore, near the dioecy end of gynodioecy.”
Claim · model-written summary
Male fruit set varied more than female fruit set.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Fruit set on males varies much more than that on females”
Claim · model-written summary
Male fruit set depended on shoot status and plant genotype.
- Material
- genotype of the plante0
- Organ / stage
- individual shootse0
- Outcome
- Fruit set on malese0
- Direction
- dependente0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Fruit set on males varies much more than that on females, and is dependent on both the status of individual shoots and the genotype of the plant.”
Claim · model-written summary
Resource allocation patterns differed by sex.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Resource allocation patterns differ according to sex”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpreted sex-specific resource allocation as reflecting fitness pathways.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Resource allocation patterns differ according to sex, and reflect the way in which the sexes receive their fitness.”