Abstract
Sarracenia purpurea is a rare wetland plant in Virginia and a threatened species in Maryland, with two potential subspecies in the region. I utilized restriction fragments from the intron of the chalcone synthase gene to compare S. purpurea populations and determine whether the subspecies concept was supported. I performed a census of existing populations, compiled all known historical data on the species, and investigated the reasons for the species demise and predicted dates of extinction. Bloom phenology was examined to see if climate change may have influenced bloom period. Soil, vegetation, and climatic information was obtained to determine if taxonomic differences correlated with environmental variables. I found no genetic difference in the intron of the chalcone synthase gene in mid-Atlantic S. purpurea populations while I did find differences with other Sarracenia species and S. purpurea varieties. These results suggest that a single taxon of S. purpurea occurs in Maryland and Virginia. Only 31% (4 of 13) of the sites are extant on the western shore of Maryland and District of Columbia while 33% (14 of 42) of the sites remain in Virginia with respective populations of 46 and 513 clumps. Causes of regional extirpation include beaver flooding, succession, and development. Predicted pitcher plant population extinction dates, based on trend line from 130 years of data, are 2015 (Maryland) and 2055 (Virginia). Disturbance, especially natural fire, played an essential role in maintaining purple pitcher plant historically in Maryland and Virginia. Sarracenia purpurea blooms May 8–June 12 in Maryland and Virginia with a peak May 18–20. Peak bloom period of S. purpurea may have shifted as much as a week from historical dates, perhaps due to climate change. Purple pitcher plant soils in Maryland and Virginia met expected conditions of low pH (3.5–4.9) and were low in almost all macro- and micro-nutrients. Perturbed or polluted sites exhibited elevated levels of exchangeable cations magnesium, calcium, and sodium. Climatic data disclosed that southern Virginia purple pitcher plant sites are both warmer and wetter than those in Maryland. Maryland pitcher plant bogs had greater species richness than Virginia bogs but the latter had more state rare plants.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Mid-Atlantic populations showed no intron difference in chalcone synthase.
- Taxon
- Sarracenia purpurea L.
Sarracenia purpureat0 - Gene
- chalcone synthase genee0
- Outcome
- genetic differencee0
- Direction
- no genetic differencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sarracenia purpurea L.”
e0“no genetic difference in the intron of the chalcone synthase gene in mid-Atlantic S. purpurea populations”
Claim · model-written summary
The intron differed from other Sarracenia species and varieties.
- Taxon
- Sarracenia purpurea L.Sarracenia purpureat0
- Outcome
- differencese0
- Comparator
- other Sarracenia species and S. purpurea varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sarracenia purpurea L.”
e0“differences with other Sarracenia species and S. purpurea varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
The results support one regional taxon.
- Taxon
- Sarracenia purpurea L.Sarracenia purpureat0
- Outcome
- a single taxone0
- Setting
- Maryland and Virginiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sarracenia purpurea L.”
e0“a single taxon of S. purpurea occurs in Maryland and Virginia”
Claim · model-written summary
Four of thirteen sites remain on the western shore of Maryland and District of Columbia.
- Taxon
- Sarracenia purpurea L.Sarracenia purpureat0
- Outcome
- sites are extante0
- Value
- 31% (4 of 13)e0
- Setting
- western shore of Maryland and District of Columbiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sarracenia purpurea L.”
e0“Only 31% (4 of 13) of the sites are extant on the western shore of Maryland and District of Columbia”
Claim · model-written summary
Fourteen of forty-two Virginia sites remain.
- Taxon
- Sarracenia purpurea L.Sarracenia purpureat0
- Outcome
- sites remaine0
- Value
- 33% (14 of 42)e0
- Setting
- Virginiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sarracenia purpurea L.”
e0“33% (14 of 42) of the sites remain in Virginia”
Claim · model-written summary
The Maryland population has 46 clumps.
- Taxon
- Sarracenia purpurea L.Sarracenia purpureat0
- Outcome
- populationse0
- Value
- 46e0
- Setting
- Marylande1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sarracenia purpurea L.”
e0“respective populations of 46 and 513 clumps”
e1“a single taxon of S. purpurea occurs in Maryland and Virginia”
Claim · model-written summary
The Virginia population has 513 clumps.
- Taxon
- Sarracenia purpurea L.Sarracenia purpureat0
- Outcome
- populationse0
- Value
- 513 clumpse0
- Setting
- Virginiae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sarracenia purpurea L.”
e0“respective populations of 46 and 513 clumps”
e1“a single taxon of S. purpurea occurs in Maryland and Virginia”
Claim · model-written summary
Regional extirpation is attributed to beaver flooding, succession and development.
- Taxon
- Sarracenia purpurea L.Sarracenia purpureat0
- Outcome
- regional extirpatione0
- Qualifier
- beaver flooding, succession, and developmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sarracenia purpurea L.”
e0“Causes of regional extirpation include beaver flooding, succession, and development”
Claim · model-written summary
Maryland population extinction was predicted for 2015.
- Taxon
- Sarracenia purpurea L.Sarracenia purpureat0
- Outcome
- population extinction datese0
- Value
- 2015e0
- Setting
- Marylande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sarracenia purpurea L.”
e0“Predicted pitcher plant population extinction dates, based on trend line from 130 years of data, are 2015 (Maryland) and 2055 (Virginia)”
Claim · model-written summary
Virginia population extinction was predicted for 2055.
- Taxon
- Sarracenia purpurea L.Sarracenia purpureat0
- Outcome
- population extinction datese0
- Value
- 2055e0
- Setting
- Virginiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sarracenia purpurea L.”
e0“Predicted pitcher plant population extinction dates, based on trend line from 130 years of data, are 2015 (Maryland) and 2055 (Virginia)”
Claim · model-written summary
Disturbance, particularly natural fire, historically maintained the species in the region.
- Taxon
- Sarracenia purpurea L.Sarracenia purpureat0
- Outcome
- maintaining purple pitcher plante0
- Qualifier
- Disturbance, especially natural firee0
- Setting
- Maryland and Virginiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sarracenia purpurea L.”
e0“Disturbance, especially natural fire, played an essential role in maintaining purple pitcher plant historically in Maryland and Virginia”
Claim · model-written summary
The species blooms May 8–June 12 with a May 18–20 peak.
- Taxon
- Sarracenia purpurea L.Sarracenia purpureat0
- Outcome
- bloomse0
- Value
- May 8–June 12e0
- Qualifier
- peak May 18–20e0
- Setting
- Maryland and Virginiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sarracenia purpurea L.”
e0“Sarracenia purpurea blooms May 8–June 12 in Maryland and Virginia with a peak May 18–20”
Claim · model-written summary
Peak bloom may have shifted by as much as one week.
- Taxon
- Sarracenia purpurea L.Sarracenia purpureat0
- Outcome
- Peak bloom periode0
- Direction
- shiftede0
- Value
- as much as a weeke0
- Qualifier
- perhaps due to climate changee0
- Comparator
- historical datese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sarracenia purpurea L.”
e0“Peak bloom period of S. purpurea may have shifted as much as a week from historical dates, perhaps due to climate change”
Claim · model-written summary
Pitcher plant soils had low pH of 3.5–4.9.
- Taxon
- Sarracenia purpurea L.Sarracenia purpureat0
- Outcome
- soils in Maryland and Virginia met expected conditions of low pHe0
- Value
- 3.5–4.9e0
- Setting
- Maryland and Virginiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sarracenia purpurea L.”
e0“Purple pitcher plant soils in Maryland and Virginia met expected conditions of low pH (3.5–4.9)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pitcher plant soils were low in almost all macro- and micro-nutrients.
- Taxon
- Sarracenia purpurea L.Sarracenia purpureat0
- Outcome
- macro- and micro-nutrientse0
- Direction
- lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sarracenia purpurea L.”
e0“were low in almost all macro- and micro-nutrients”
Claim · model-written summary
Perturbed or polluted sites had elevated magnesium, calcium and sodium.
- Taxon
- Sarracenia purpurea L.Sarracenia purpureat0
- Outcome
- exchangeable cations magnesium, calcium, and sodiume0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Setting
- Perturbed or polluted sitese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sarracenia purpurea L.”
e0“Perturbed or polluted sites exhibited elevated levels of exchangeable cations magnesium, calcium, and sodium”
Claim · model-written summary
Southern Virginia sites were warmer and wetter than Maryland sites.
- Taxon
- Sarracenia purpurea L.Sarracenia purpureat0
- Outcome
- warmer and wettere0
- Comparator
- those in Marylande0
- Setting
- southern Virginiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sarracenia purpurea L.”
e0“southern Virginia purple pitcher plant sites are both warmer and wetter than those in Maryland”
Claim · model-written summary
Maryland bogs had greater species richness than Virginia bogs.
- Taxon
- Sarracenia purpurea L.Sarracenia purpureat0
- Outcome
- species richnesse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- Virginia bogse0
- Setting
- Marylande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sarracenia purpurea L.”
e0“Maryland pitcher plant bogs had greater species richness than Virginia bogs”
Claim · model-written summary
Virginia bogs had more state rare plants than Maryland bogs.
- Taxon
- Sarracenia purpurea L.Sarracenia purpureat0
- Outcome
- state rare plantse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Setting
- Virginiae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sarracenia purpurea L.”
e0“the latter had more state rare plants”
e1“a single taxon of S. purpurea occurs in Maryland and Virginia”