Abstract
Over the past decade, the use of hybrid rice cultivars has greatly increased, and this has led to questions about the processing behavior of hybrid cultivars. This study compares the milled rice fissuring kinetics of hybrid and pureline cultivars. Also, this study elucidates the effects of kernel type (long-grain vs. medium-grain rice cultivars), surface lipid content (SLC), and kernel thickness on fissuring rates. Three hybrid (CL XL745, CL XL729 and XL753) and five pureline (Wells, CL151, Cheniere, Jupiter and CL261) cultivar lots were procured. Jupiter and CL261 are medium-grain cultivars, whereas the rest are long-grain cultivars. Two experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 quantified the number percentage of fissured kernels of all eight cultivar lots; samples were milled to a SLC of 0.4%, and then exposed to air temperatures of 10°C and 30°C and relative humidities (RHs) of 10, 20, 50, 80 and 90%. Percent fissured kernels were recorded at durations of 4, 8, 16, 32, 60 and 120 min. Experiment 2 quantified the number percentage of fissured kernels of CL XL745 and CL151 cultivar lots; samples of both lots were milled to SLCs of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8%, and then exposed to an air temperature of 30°C and RHs of 20 and 80%. Percent fissured kernels were recorded at 4, 8, 16, 32, 60 and 120 min. In addition, the number percentage of fissured kernels of thin-, medium-, and thick-kernel fractions were exposed to these same air conditions and then analyzed. When exposed to low- and high-RH air, some hybrid long-grain (H-L) cultivar lots fissured less than some pureline long-grain (P-L) cultivar lots and vice versa. Of the H-L cultivar lots, XL753 significantly fissured the least, and of the P-L cultivar lots, CL151 and Wells significantly fissured less than Cheniere. Initial fissuring rates were greater at 30°C than 10°C, and greater at 10% RH than 90% RH. On average, pureline medium-grain (P-M) cultivar lots were found to significantly fissure more than long-grain cultivars; and at 10°C and RHs of 20 and 90%, milled rice from the hybrid long-grain cultivar group fissured significantly less than the pureline long-grain cultivar group. All other conditions showed no significant difference between the mean percent fissured kernels of H-L and P-L cultivar groups. As for SLC and kernel thickness, significant differences in fissuring rates were seen among SLCs. As SLC decreased, an increase in percent fissured kernels was seen. No significant differences in percent fissured kernels were seen among thin-, medium- and thick-kernel fractions.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Some hybrid long-grain rice lots fissured less than some pureline long-grain lots under low- and high-RH air, and vice versa.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- hybrid long-grain (H-L) cultivar lotse1
- Treatment
- low- and high-RH aire0
- Outcome
- fissurede1
- Direction
- lesse1
- Comparator
- pureline long-grain (P-L) cultivar lotse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Milled Rice Fissuring Kinetics”
e0“When exposed to low- and high-RH air”
e1“some hybrid long-grain (H-L) cultivar lots fissured less than some pureline long-grain (P-L) cultivar lots and vice versa”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid cultivar XL753 fissured the least of the hybrid long-grain lots, significantly.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- XL753e2
- Outcome
- fissurede2
- Direction
- leaste2
- Comparator
- H-L cultivar lotse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Milled Rice Fissuring Kinetics”
e2“Of the H-L cultivar lots, XL753 significantly fissured the least”
Claim · model-written summary
Pureline cultivars CL151 and Wells significantly fissured less than Cheniere.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- CL151 and Wellse3
- Outcome
- fissurede3
- Direction
- lesse3
- Comparator
- Chenieree3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Milled Rice Fissuring Kinetics”
e3“of the P-L cultivar lots, CL151 and Wells significantly fissured less than Cheniere”
Claim · model-written summary
Initial fissuring rates were greater at 30°C than at 10°C.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 30°Ce4
- Outcome
- Initial fissuring ratese4
- Direction
- greatere4
- Comparator
- 10°Ce4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Milled Rice Fissuring Kinetics”
e4“Initial fissuring rates were greater at 30°C than 10°C, and greater at 10% RH than 90% RH”
Claim · model-written summary
Initial fissuring rates were greater at 10% RH than at 90% RH.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 10% RHe4
- Outcome
- Initial fissuring ratese4
- Direction
- greatere4
- Comparator
- 90% RHe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Milled Rice Fissuring Kinetics”
e4“Initial fissuring rates were greater at 30°C than 10°C, and greater at 10% RH than 90% RH”
Claim · model-written summary
Pureline medium-grain cultivar lots significantly fissured more than long-grain cultivars on average.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- pureline medium-grain (P-M) cultivar lotse6
- Outcome
- fissuree6
- Direction
- moree6
- Comparator
- long-grain cultivarse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Milled Rice Fissuring Kinetics”
e6“pureline medium-grain (P-M) cultivar lots were found to significantly fissure more than long-grain cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10°C and RHs of 20 and 90%, hybrid long-grain cultivar group milled rice fissured significantly less than the pureline long-grain group.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- hybrid long-grain cultivar groupe7
- Treatment
- 10°C and RHs of 20 and 90%e7
- Outcome
- fissurede7
- Direction
- lesse7
- Comparator
- pureline long-grain cultivar groupe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Milled Rice Fissuring Kinetics”
e7“at 10°C and RHs of 20 and 90%, milled rice from the hybrid long-grain cultivar group fissured significantly less than the pureline long-grain cultivar group”
Claim · model-written summary
Under all other conditions, the hybrid and pureline long-grain cultivar groups did not differ in percent fissured kernels.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- H-L and P-L cultivar groupse7
- Outcome
- percent fissured kernelse7
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede7
- Qualifier
- All other conditionse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Milled Rice Fissuring Kinetics”
e7“All other conditions showed no significant difference between the mean percent fissured kernels of H-L and P-L cultivar groups”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface lipid content had significant differences in fissuring rates among SLCs.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- surface lipid content (SLC)e4
- Outcome
- fissuring ratese5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Milled Rice Fissuring Kinetics”
e4“surface lipid content (SLC)”
e5“As for SLC and kernel thickness, significant differences in fissuring rates were seen among SLCs”
Claim · model-written summary
As surface lipid content decreased, percent fissured kernels increased.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SLC decreasede6
- Outcome
- percent fissured kernelse6
- Direction
- increasee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Milled Rice Fissuring Kinetics”
e6“As SLC decreased, an increase in percent fissured kernels was seen”
Claim · model-written summary
No significant differences in percent fissured kernels were seen among thin-, medium- and thick-kernel fractions.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- thin-, medium- and thick-kernel fractionse7
- Outcome
- percent fissured kernelse7
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Milled Rice Fissuring Kinetics”
e7“No significant differences in percent fissured kernels were seen among thin-, medium- and thick-kernel fractions”