Abstract
Tobacco seedlings are transplanted between wheat ridges in early spring when there are still dangers of low temperature and late frost. It is necessary, therefore, to study the microclimate of the field accurately. For this purpose, the writers investigated temperatures of air, soil and seedlings (surface and back of the leaf as well as growing point) and rate of evaporation in the fields where direction of ridges and position of the seedlings between ridges are variously different (Fig. 1).The results are summarized as follows:1. Air and soil temperatures were measured by thermister (Fig. 2). In the night time air temperature on the naked field was lower than other fields. In the west side of south-north ridges and in the north side of east-west ridges, the morning temperature at the height of 10-50cm above the ground was considerably low by the shade of wheat. For the same reason, low temperature was observed in the east side of south-north ridges and the north side of east-west ridges in the afternoon. At night, however, at the distance of 30-50cm above the ground-the distance of upper half of wheat height-the temperatures in wheat fields became lower than that in naked field forming a characteristic low temperature zone. At the lower half of wheat height, the temperature was higher than that in the naked field.Similar trends were observed in the ground and underground temperatures, namely, in the west side of south-north ridges as well as in the north side of east-west ridges both temperatures were lower in the morning. In the afternoon, however, the temperatures in the opposite side of south-north ridges and those in the same side of east-west ridges became lower than those in the naked fields.2. Temperatures at various positions of the seedlings were measured by means of thermo-couple. The results are shown in Tab. 1. In the day time, the temperature of leaf surface was 1-5° higher than that of the back of leaf as well as than that of the growing point. At night, however, the temperature of leaf surface became 1° lower than those of latter two. Every positions of the seedlings grown in the north side of east-west ridges showed the largest daily fluctuation of temperature. But in the seedlings grown in naked fields as well as in the seedlings grown in the north side of east-west ridges where they are shaded by wheat, the fluctuation was small and daily lowest temperatures were lower than those in the other plots.In the morning, regardless of the direction of ridges, the temperature of the seedlings rose a little higher than that of the air at the position of 5cm above the soil surface. The difference, however, was inconspicuous after 2 o'clock p.m. At night, air temperature became heigher than that of the leaf surface (Fig. 3).3. The result of harmonic analysis showed the largest amplitude of temperature in the south side of east-west ridges as well as in the west side of south-north ridges (Tab. 2, 3).In naked field, in the south side of east-west ridges as well as in the north side of east-west ridges the amplitude tends to increase in accordance to the lowering of measured position.In the west side of south-north ridges as well as in the south side of east-west ridges, the phases of temperature were larger than those of observed in the east side of south-north ridges.In the north side of east-west ridges and in the east side of the south-north ridges, however, the phases were larger than those observed in naked field.The amplitude of temperature at leaf surface was larger than those in the other positions of the seedlings. This phenomenon was observed in every plots. The amplitude at leaf surface was compared among ridges of various directions by which in the south side of east-west ridges the amplitude was the largest and it was the smallest in the north side of same ridges. The phase of temperature at leaf surface was the largest than any other positions of the leaf and
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
At night, air temperature in the naked field was lower than in other fields.
- Taxon
- Tobacco
Nicotiana tabacumt0 - Outcome
- air temperaturee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- other fieldse0
- Setting
- naked fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the night time air temperature on the naked field was lower than other fields.”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Morning air temperature was considerably low on the west side of south-north ridges and north side of east-west ridges.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- morning temperaturee0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Qualifier
- at the height of 10-50cm above the grounde0
- Setting
- west side of south-north ridges and in the north side of east-west ridgese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the west side of south-north ridges and in the north side of east-west ridges, the morning temperature at the height of 10-50cm above the ground was considerably low by the shade of wheat.”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Afternoon air temperature was low on the east side of south-north ridges and north side of east-west ridges.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- temperaturee0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Setting
- east side of south-north ridges and the north side of east-west ridgese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low temperature was observed in the east side of south-north ridges and the north side of east-west ridges in the afternoon.”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
At night, air at 30-50cm in wheat fields was cooler than in the naked field.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- temperatures in wheat fieldse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- 30-50cm above the grounde0
- Comparator
- naked fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At night, however, at the distance of 30-50cm above the ground-the distance of upper half of wheat height-the temperatures in wheat fields became lower than that in naked field”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
At the lower half of wheat height, air temperature exceeded that in the naked field.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- temperaturee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- lower half of wheat heighte0
- Comparator
- naked fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the lower half of wheat height, the temperature was higher than that in the naked field.”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Morning ground and underground temperatures were lower on the west side of south-north and north side of east-west ridges.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- ground and underground temperaturese1
- Direction
- lowere0
- Setting
- west side of south-north ridges as well as in the north side of east-west ridgese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the west side of south-north ridges as well as in the north side of east-west ridges both temperatures were lower in the morning.”
e1“Similar trends were observed in the ground and underground temperatures”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Afternoon ground and underground temperatures at the opposite side of south-north ridges and same side of east-west ridges were lower than in naked fields.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- temperaturese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- naked fieldse0
- Setting
- opposite side of south-north ridges and those in the same side of east-west ridgese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the afternoon, however, the temperatures in the opposite side of south-north ridges and those in the same side of east-west ridges became lower than those in the naked fields.”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
By day, tobacco leaf surface temperature exceeded the leaf back and growing point by 1-5°.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Organ / stage
- leaf surfacee0
- Outcome
- temperature of leaf surfacee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1-5°e0
- Comparator
- back of leaf as well as than that of the growing pointe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the day time, the temperature of leaf surface was 1-5° higher than that of the back of leaf as well as than that of the growing point.”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
At night, tobacco leaf surface temperature was 1° lower than the back and growing point.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Organ / stage
- leaf surfacee0
- Outcome
- temperature of leaf surfacee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 1°e0
- Comparator
- back of leaf as well as than that of the growing pointe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At night, however, the temperature of leaf surface became 1° lower than those of latter two.”
e1“back of leaf as well as than that of the growing point”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedling positions on the north side of east-west ridges had the largest daily temperature fluctuation.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- daily fluctuation of temperaturee0
- Direction
- largeste0
- Setting
- north side of east-west ridgese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Every positions of the seedlings grown in the north side of east-west ridges showed the largest daily fluctuation of temperature.”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedlings in naked fields and shaded north sides of east-west ridges had small fluctuations and lower daily minima.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- daily lowest temperaturese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- other plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the seedlings grown in naked fields as well as in the seedlings grown in the north side of east-west ridges where they are shaded by wheat, the fluctuation was small and daily lowest temperatures were lower than those in the other plots.”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
In the morning, seedling temperature exceeded air temperature at 5cm above the soil.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- temperature of the seedlingse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- air at the position of 5cm above the soil surfacee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the morning, regardless of the direction of ridges, the temperature of the seedlings rose a little higher than that of the air at the position of 5cm above the soil surface.”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
After 2 p.m. the seedling-air temperature difference was inconspicuous.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- differencee0
- Qualifier
- after 2 o'clock p.m.e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The difference, however, was inconspicuous after 2 o'clock p.m.”
e1“temperature of the seedlings rose a little higher than that of the air”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
At night air temperature exceeded tobacco leaf surface temperature.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- air temperaturee0
- Direction
- heighere0
- Comparator
- leaf surfacee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At night, air temperature became heigher than that of the leaf surface”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Harmonic temperature amplitude was largest on the south side of east-west and west side of south-north ridges.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- amplitude of temperaturee0
- Direction
- largeste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the largest amplitude of temperature in the south side of east-west ridges as well as in the west side of south-north ridges”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature amplitude tended to rise with lower measurement positions in the naked field and both sides of east-west ridges.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- amplitudee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- lowering of measured positione0
- Setting
- naked fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In naked field, in the south side of east-west ridges as well as in the north side of east-west ridges the amplitude tends to increase in accordance to the lowering of measured position.”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature phases were larger on the west side of south-north and south side of east-west ridges than on the east side of south-north ridges.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- phases of temperaturee0
- Direction
- largere0
- Comparator
- east side of south-north ridgese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the west side of south-north ridges as well as in the south side of east-west ridges, the phases of temperature were larger than those of observed in the east side of south-north ridges.”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature phases on the north side of east-west and east side of south-north ridges exceeded those in the naked field.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- phasese0
- Direction
- largere0
- Comparator
- naked fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the north side of east-west ridges and in the east side of the south-north ridges, however, the phases were larger than those observed in naked field.”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf surface temperature amplitude exceeded other seedling positions in every plot.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Organ / stage
- leaf surfacee0
- Outcome
- amplitude of temperaturee0
- Direction
- largere0
- Comparator
- other positions of the seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The amplitude of temperature at leaf surface was larger than those in the other positions of the seedlings. This phenomenon was observed in every plots.”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf surface temperature amplitude was greatest on south and smallest on north sides of east-west ridges.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- amplitude at leaf surfacee1
- Direction
- largeste0
- Comparator
- north side of same ridgese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the south side of east-west ridges the amplitude was the largest and it was the smallest in the north side of same ridges.”
e1“The amplitude at leaf surface”
t0“Tobacco”