Abstract
Various companion crops, such as spring-interseeded or fall-seeded cover crops and herbicide-suppressed living mulches, are recommended for reducing the environmental impacts of silage corn (Zea mays L.) production. In a four-year Wisconsin study, we compared off-season dry matter yield (DMY) and nitrogen (N) accumulation in groundcover produced by five companion crop systems for glyphosate-resistant no-till corn amended yearly with spring or fall surface-banded manure. In two rotational systems, corn was grown for one year with kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum Bieb.) living mulch or spring interseeded red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) followed by one year of clover production. Three continuous corn systems utilized spring interseeded ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), fall-seeded rye (Secale cereale L.), or no companion. Fall DMY and N accumulation in groundcover were greatest for rotationally grown clovers in forage production and interseeded ryegrass, whereas spring DMY and N accumulation were greatest for fall-seeded rye and kura clover going into corn production. Overall, the kura clover–corn rotation came the closest to providing significant DMY and N accumulation in groundcover throughout the off-season period. Shifting manure application from spring to fall mainly influenced rye by stimulating its growth under warm spring conditions. In a follow-up study, spring surface runoff and losses of phosphorus (P) and sediment with fall manure were least with rye followed by ryegrass. Shifting manure application to spring largely negated companion crop effects on spring runoff and substantially increased loading of dissolved reactive P.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Fall DMY was greatest under rotationally grown clovers in forage production.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- rotationally grown clovers in forage productione0
- Outcome
- DMYe0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Qualifier
- Falle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn”
e0“Fall DMY and N accumulation in groundcover were greatest for rotationally grown clovers in forage production and interseeded ryegrass, whereas spring DMY and N accumulation were greatest for fall-seeded rye and kura clover going into corn production.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall N accumulation was greatest under rotationally grown clovers in forage production.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- rotationally grown clovers in forage productione0
- Outcome
- N accumulatione0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Qualifier
- Falle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn”
e0“Fall DMY and N accumulation in groundcover were greatest for rotationally grown clovers in forage production and interseeded ryegrass, whereas spring DMY and N accumulation were greatest for fall-seeded rye and kura clover going into corn production.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall DMY was greatest under interseeded ryegrass.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- interseeded ryegrasse0
- Outcome
- DMYe0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Qualifier
- Falle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn”
e0“Fall DMY and N accumulation in groundcover were greatest for rotationally grown clovers in forage production and interseeded ryegrass, whereas spring DMY and N accumulation were greatest for fall-seeded rye and kura clover going into corn production.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall N accumulation was greatest under interseeded ryegrass.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- interseeded ryegrasse0
- Outcome
- N accumulatione0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Qualifier
- Falle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn”
e0“Fall DMY and N accumulation in groundcover were greatest for rotationally grown clovers in forage production and interseeded ryegrass, whereas spring DMY and N accumulation were greatest for fall-seeded rye and kura clover going into corn production.”
Claim · model-written summary
spring DMY was greatest under fall-seeded rye.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- fall-seeded ryee0
- Outcome
- DMYe0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Qualifier
- springe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn”
e0“Fall DMY and N accumulation in groundcover were greatest for rotationally grown clovers in forage production and interseeded ryegrass, whereas spring DMY and N accumulation were greatest for fall-seeded rye and kura clover going into corn production.”
Claim · model-written summary
spring N accumulation was greatest under fall-seeded rye.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- fall-seeded ryee0
- Outcome
- N accumulatione0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Qualifier
- springe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn”
e0“Fall DMY and N accumulation in groundcover were greatest for rotationally grown clovers in forage production and interseeded ryegrass, whereas spring DMY and N accumulation were greatest for fall-seeded rye and kura clover going into corn production.”
Claim · model-written summary
spring DMY was greatest under kura clover.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- kura clovere0
- Outcome
- DMYe0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Qualifier
- springe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn”
e0“Fall DMY and N accumulation in groundcover were greatest for rotationally grown clovers in forage production and interseeded ryegrass, whereas spring DMY and N accumulation were greatest for fall-seeded rye and kura clover going into corn production.”
Claim · model-written summary
spring N accumulation was greatest under kura clover.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- kura clovere0
- Outcome
- N accumulatione0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Qualifier
- springe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn”
e0“Fall DMY and N accumulation in groundcover were greatest for rotationally grown clovers in forage production and interseeded ryegrass, whereas spring DMY and N accumulation were greatest for fall-seeded rye and kura clover going into corn production.”
Claim · model-written summary
The kura clover–corn rotation came closest to substantial off-season groundcover dry matter and nitrogen accumulation.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- kura clover–corn rotatione0
- Outcome
- DMY and N accumulation in groundcovere0
- Direction
- the closeste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the kura clover–corn rotation came the closest to providing significant DMY and N accumulation in groundcover throughout the off-season period.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall manure stimulated rye growth in warm spring conditions.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- falle0
- Interactor
- rye
Secale cerealee0weed - Outcome
- its growthe0
- Direction
- stimulatinge0
- Comparator
- springe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn”
e0“Shifting manure application from spring to fall mainly influenced rye by stimulating its growth under warm spring conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
spring surface runoff was least with rye followed by ryegrass under fall manure.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- ryee0
- Outcome
- spring surface runoffe0
- Direction
- leaste0
- Qualifier
- fall manuree0
- Comparator
- ryegrasse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn”
e0“spring surface runoff and losses of phosphorus (P) and sediment with fall manure were least with rye followed by ryegrass.”
Claim · model-written summary
losses of phosphorus (P) was least with rye followed by ryegrass under fall manure.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- ryee0
- Outcome
- losses of phosphorus (P)e0
- Direction
- leaste0
- Qualifier
- fall manuree0
- Comparator
- ryegrasse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn”
e0“spring surface runoff and losses of phosphorus (P) and sediment with fall manure were least with rye followed by ryegrass.”
Claim · model-written summary
sediment was least with rye followed by ryegrass under fall manure.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- ryee0
- Outcome
- sedimente0
- Direction
- leaste0
- Qualifier
- fall manuree0
- Comparator
- ryegrasse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn”
e0“spring surface runoff and losses of phosphorus (P) and sediment with fall manure were least with rye followed by ryegrass.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring manure largely negated companion crop effects on spring runoff.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- springe0
- Outcome
- companion crop effects on spring runoffe0
- Direction
- negatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn”
e0“Shifting manure application to spring largely negated companion crop effects on spring runoff and substantially increased loading of dissolved reactive P.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring manure substantially increased dissolved reactive phosphorus loading.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- springe0
- Outcome
- loading of dissolved reactive Pe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn”
e0“Shifting manure application to spring largely negated companion crop effects on spring runoff and substantially increased loading of dissolved reactive P.”
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