Abstract
Comparisons of spray coverage on soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, and cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., were made using several application technologies. Lithium sulfate monohydrate was applied by three methods: (1) chemical application with the multifunction irrigation system (MFIS) so spray nozzles moved vertically within the canopy while spraying, (2) traditional chemigation with irrigation nozzles located above the canopy and spraying large volumes of water, and (3) spray application using an airplane. Methods 1 and 2 were compared using high- and low-volume nozzles. The most lithium was recovered on soybean and cotton plants sprayed with MFIS using the low-volume nozzle moving downward every 50 s. Lithium concentrations on the plant were low when applications were made with the chemigation nozzles. The distribution of chemical within the plant canopy varied among treatments, and the best vertical coverage on soybeans was obtained using chemigation with high-volume nozzles. Obtaining spray penetration into the inner portion of soybean plants was difficult. MFIS using the high-volume nozzle oriented and moving upward every 25 s was the only application that provided even coverage on the outer and inner portions of soybean plants. Distribution of lithium on cotton plants was more uniform than on soybeans. More lithium was deposited on cotton plants using the MFIS with low volume nozzles than with any other method. In contrast, the most uniform coverage on cotton was obtained with chemigation using high-volume nozzles. Distribution of spray applied by airplane on both crops was uneven, and more than two-thirds of the chemical was recovered on the fully exposed leaves on the top half of the plant and on the outer leaves of the canopy.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
MFIS with a descending low-volume nozzle every 50 seconds yielded the most lithium on soybean.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- MFIS using the low-volume nozzle moving downward every 50 se0
- Outcome
- lithium was recovered on soybeane0
- Direction
- moste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most lithium was recovered on soybean and cotton plants sprayed with MFIS using the low-volume nozzle moving downward every 50 s.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
MFIS with a descending low-volume nozzle every 50 seconds yielded the most lithium on cotton.
- Taxon
- Cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- MFIS using the low-volume nozzle moving downward every 50 se0
- Outcome
- lithium was recovered on soybean and cotton plantse0
- Direction
- moste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most lithium was recovered on soybean and cotton plants sprayed with MFIS using the low-volume nozzle moving downward every 50 s.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Chemigation nozzles produced low lithium concentrations on plants.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- chemigation nozzlese0
- Outcome
- Lithium concentrations on the plante0
- Direction
- lowe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lithium concentrations on the plant were low when applications were made with the chemigation nozzles.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Canopy chemical distribution varied among application treatments.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- distribution of chemical within the plant canopye0
- Direction
- variede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The distribution of chemical within the plant canopy varied among treatments”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Chemigation with high-volume nozzles gave the best vertical coverage on soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- chemigation with high-volume nozzlese0
- Outcome
- vertical coverage on soybeanse0
- Direction
- beste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the best vertical coverage on soybeans was obtained using chemigation with high-volume nozzles.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Spray penetration into inner soybean tissues was difficult.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- spray penetration into the inner portion of soybean plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Obtaining spray penetration into the inner portion of soybean plants was difficult.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Only upward-moving high-volume MFIS nozzles every 25 seconds gave even outer and inner soybean coverage.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- MFIS using the high-volume nozzle oriented and moving upward every 25 se0
- Outcome
- even coverage on the outer and inner portions of soybean plantse0
- Direction
- evene0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MFIS using the high-volume nozzle oriented and moving upward every 25 s was the only application that provided even coverage on the outer and inner portions of soybean plants.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Lithium distribution on cotton was more uniform than on soybean.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- Distribution of lithium on cotton plantse0
- Direction
- more uniforme0
- Comparator
- soybeanse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Distribution of lithium on cotton plants was more uniform than on soybeans.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-volume MFIS deposited more lithium on cotton than any other method.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- MFIS with low volume nozzlese0
- Outcome
- lithium was deposited on cotton plantse0
- Direction
- Moree0
- Comparator
- any other methode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“More lithium was deposited on cotton plants using the MFIS with low volume nozzles than with any other method.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
High-volume chemigation produced the most uniform cotton coverage.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- chemigation using high-volume nozzlese0
- Outcome
- uniform coverage on cottone0
- Direction
- most uniforme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the most uniform coverage on cotton was obtained with chemigation using high-volume nozzles.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Airplane application produced uneven spray distribution on soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- airplanee0
- Outcome
- Distribution of spray applied by airplanee0
- Direction
- unevene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Distribution of spray applied by airplane on both crops was uneven”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Airplane application produced uneven spray distribution on cotton.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- airplanee0
- Outcome
- Distribution of spray applied by airplanee0
- Direction
- unevene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Distribution of spray applied by airplane on both crops was uneven”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Over two-thirds of airplane-applied chemical on soybean was recovered on exposed upper and outer leaves.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- leaves on the top half of the plante0
- Outcome
- chemical was recovered on the fully exposed leavese0
- Value
- more than two-thirdse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“more than two-thirds of the chemical was recovered on the fully exposed leaves on the top half of the plant and on the outer leaves of the canopy.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Over two-thirds of airplane-applied chemical on cotton was recovered on exposed upper and outer leaves.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- leaves on the top half of the plante0
- Outcome
- chemical was recovered on the fully exposed leavese0
- Value
- more than two-thirdse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“more than two-thirds of the chemical was recovered on the fully exposed leaves on the top half of the plant and on the outer leaves of the canopy.”
t0“Cotton”
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See all 32 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.