Abstract
The Pratylenchus vulnus infested soil was collected from the field and mixed evenly to minimize the variation in nematode density. The mixed soil was then put in 60 plant pots (about 5.3 liter). Three experimental plots were set, consisting of 20 pots which were buried at a distance of 20 cm in the row. Marigolds var. African tall and strawberries var. Toyonoka were individually planted on 10 July 1991 in the pots of each plot while the other 20 pots remained without any plants as a control plot. A sample of 20g soil was taken from each of 4 pots in the plots every two weeks during summer and nematodes were extracted with Baermann funnels. The density of P. vulnus averaged 998. 9 (±630. 2 SD) just before the experiment. Irrespective of the treatment, the mean density of nematodes rapidly decreased and was highest in the strawberry plot during summer. However, from late August the nematode density decreased slowly in the marigold plot but not in the control and strawberry plots. The density was significantly lower in the marigold plot compared with those in the control and strawberry plots when a sample of 20 g soil was taken from each of 60 pots at the final sampling date two weeks before transplanting strawberries. In the marigold plot nematode numbers decreased to 5.6% of the initial density while in the control and strawberry plots the decrease was to 13.0 and 14.6%, respectively. During summer a decrease in nematode densities was found in all plots, suggesting that climatic factors such as temperature may affect nematode numbers. On the other hand, the difference in nematode density in the marigold plot between late August and early October indicates that marigolds may suppress only 38% of the nematode population. From these results it is concluded that marigolds, African tall, are not effective in controlling P. vulnus in strawberry fields.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Marigold plot had significantly lower nematode density than control and strawberry plots at the final sampling date.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Treatment
- marigolde1
- Interactor
- Pratylenchus vulnusPratylenchus vulnust0pest
- Outcome
- densitye1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Qualifier
- final sampling datee1
- Comparator
- control and strawberry plotse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“The density was significantly lower in the marigold plot compared with those in the control and strawberry plots when a sample of 20 g soil was taken from each of 60 pots at the final sampling date two weeks before transplanting strawberries”
t0“Pratylenchus vulnus (Nematodes) causing root lesion of strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode numbers in the marigold plot decreased to 5.6% of the initial density, against 13.0% and 14.6% decreases in control and strawberry plots.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- marigolde1
- Interactor
- Pratylenchus vulnusPratylenchus vulnust0pest
- Outcome
- nematode numberse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 5.6%e1
- Qualifier
- 13.0 and 14.6%e1
- Comparator
- control and strawberry plotse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In the marigold plot nematode numbers decreased to 5.6% of the initial density while in the control and strawberry plots the decrease was to 13.0 and 14.6%, respectively”
t0“Pratylenchus vulnus (Nematodes) causing root lesion of strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode densities decreased during summer in all plots.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- Pratylenchus vulnusPratylenchus vulnust0pest
- Outcome
- nematode densitiese1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Qualifier
- During summere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“During summer a decrease in nematode densities was found in all plots, suggesting that climatic factors such as temperature may affect nematode numbers”
t0“Pratylenchus vulnus (Nematodes) causing root lesion of strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean nematode density rapidly decreased irrespective of treatment.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- Pratylenchus vulnusPratylenchus vulnust0pest
- Outcome
- mean density of nematodese1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- Irrespective of the treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Irrespective of the treatment, the mean density of nematodes rapidly decreased and was highest in the strawberry plot during summer”
t0“Pratylenchus vulnus (Nematodes) causing root lesion of strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode density was highest in the strawberry plot during summer.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- Pratylenchus vulnusPratylenchus vulnust0pest
- Outcome
- densitye1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Setting
- strawberry plot during summere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Irrespective of the treatment, the mean density of nematodes rapidly decreased and was highest in the strawberry plot during summer”
t0“Pratylenchus vulnus (Nematodes) causing root lesion of strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
In the marigold plot nematode density decreased slowly from late August, whereas it did not decrease in control and strawberry plots.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- marigold plote1
- Interactor
- Pratylenchus vulnusPratylenchus vulnust0pest
- Outcome
- nematode densitye1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- slowlye1
- Comparator
- control and strawberry plotse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“from late August the nematode density decreased slowly in the marigold plot but not in the control and strawberry plots”
t0“Pratylenchus vulnus (Nematodes) causing root lesion of strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Marigolds may suppress only 38% of the nematode population between late August and early October.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- marigoldse1
- Interactor
- Pratylenchus vulnusPratylenchus vulnust0pest
- Outcome
- nematode populatione1
- Direction
- suppresse1
- Value
- 38%e1
- Qualifier
- between late August and early Octobere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the difference in nematode density in the marigold plot between late August and early October indicates that marigolds may suppress only 38% of the nematode population”
t0“Pratylenchus vulnus (Nematodes) causing root lesion of strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Marigolds (African tall) are not effective in controlling P. vulnus in strawberry fields.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- marigolds, African talle1
- Interactor
- P. vulnusPratylenchus vulnuse1pest
- Outcome
- controlling P. vulnuse1
- Qualifier
- not effectivee1
- Setting
- strawberry fieldse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“marigolds, African tall, are not effective in controlling P. vulnus in strawberry fields”