Abstract
SUMMARY Avocado leaves and shoots from experimental and orchard trees are known under certain conditions to absorb considerable sodium. Seedlings of some of the avocado varieties of the Mexican and Guatemalan races (eligible as rootstocks) were grown in controlled sand cultures with nutrient solutions containing various concentrations of sodium. The leaves of the seedlings of the different avocado varieties reacted differently to the same concentration of sodium in the nutrient solution. The root systems of certain avocado seedlings vary greatly in their retention of absorbed sodium. A large amount of leaf injury resulted when the root systems absorbed considerable sodium and permitted much to pass into the leaves. In the case of the Mexicola and Harmon avocado varieties, the increased leaf sodium was accompanied by a decrease in the percentages of calcium and magnesium m the dry matter of the leaves. The seedlings of the Anaheim avocado variety produced excellent growth with no leaf damage whatsoever when 200 p.p.m. of sodium was used in the culture solution, very little of the absorbed sodium reaching the leaf tissues. When sodium salts occur in the soils of avocado orchards, considerable amounts of sodium may be absorbed into the scion leaves and twigs. Frequently the resulting injury is increased or differentiated because of the effect of the ion accompanying the sodium as for example: chloride, sulfate or carbonate, and possibly by the nature of the rootstock variety. In years of scant rainfall the tree injury may be increased particularly in the case of the chloride. In certain areas especially in San Diego County, the soils may contain a relatively low concentration of calcium and magnesium which also [tends to add to the summation tree damage. Recent investigations (1, 2, 3, 4) have shown the extent to which sodium and its often accompanying element (chloride) are absorbed by avocado leaves of experimental and orchard trees. Severely injured Itzamna avocado trees on which the leaves were severely burned and on which many of the shoots were black instead of green, were
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Avocado leaves and shoots can absorb considerable sodium under certain conditions.
- Taxon
- Avocado
Persea americanae0 - Organ / stage
- leaves and shootse0
- Outcome
- absorb considerable sodiume0
- Qualifier
- under certain conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Avocado leaves and shoots from experimental and orchard trees are known under certain conditions to absorb considerable sodium”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaves of different avocado varieties responded differently to the same sodium concentration.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- same concentration of sodiume0
- Outcome
- reacted differentlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The leaves of the seedlings of the different avocado varieties reacted differently to the same concentration of sodium in the nutrient solution”
Claim · model-written summary
Root systems of certain avocado seedlings varied greatly in retention of absorbed sodium.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae0
- Organ / stage
- root systemse0
- Outcome
- retention of absorbed sodiume0
- Direction
- vary greatlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The root systems of certain avocado seedlings vary greatly in their retention of absorbed sodium”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf injury was large when roots absorbed substantial sodium and transferred much to leaves.
- Taxon
- AVOCADOPersea americanat0
- Organ / stage
- root systemse0
- Outcome
- leaf injurye0
- Direction
- large amounte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A large amount of leaf injury resulted when the root systems absorbed considerable sodium and permitted much to pass into the leaves”
t0“AVOCADO”
Claim · model-written summary
In Mexicola, increased leaf sodium accompanied decreased leaf calcium percentage.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae0
- Material
- Mexicolae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- percentages of calciume0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the case of the Mexicola and Harmon avocado varieties, the increased leaf sodium was accompanied by a decrease in the percentages of calcium and magnesium m the dry matter of the leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
In Mexicola, increased leaf sodium accompanied decreased leaf magnesium percentage.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae0
- Material
- Mexicolae0
- Outcome
- magnesium m the dry matter of the leavese0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the case of the Mexicola and Harmon avocado varieties, the increased leaf sodium was accompanied by a decrease in the percentages of calcium and magnesium m the dry matter of the leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
In Harmon, increased leaf sodium accompanied decreased leaf calcium percentage.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae0
- Material
- Harmone0
- Outcome
- percentages of calciume0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the case of the Mexicola and Harmon avocado varieties, the increased leaf sodium was accompanied by a decrease in the percentages of calcium and magnesium m the dry matter of the leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
In Harmon, increased leaf sodium accompanied decreased leaf magnesium percentage.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae0
- Material
- Harmone0
- Outcome
- magnesium m the dry matter of the leavese0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the case of the Mexicola and Harmon avocado varieties, the increased leaf sodium was accompanied by a decrease in the percentages of calcium and magnesium m the dry matter of the leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Anaheim avocado seedlings grew excellently at 200 p.p.m. sodium.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae0
- Material
- Anaheime0
- Treatment
- 200 p.p.m. of sodiume0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- excellente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seedlings of the Anaheim avocado variety produced excellent growth with no leaf damage whatsoever when 200 p.p.m. of sodium was used in the culture solution”
Claim · model-written summary
Anaheim avocado seedlings had no leaf damage at 200 p.p.m. sodium.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae0
- Material
- Anaheime0
- Treatment
- 200 p.p.m. of sodiume0
- Outcome
- leaf damagee0
- Direction
- noe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seedlings of the Anaheim avocado variety produced excellent growth with no leaf damage whatsoever when 200 p.p.m. of sodium was used in the culture solution”
Claim · model-written summary
Very little absorbed sodium reached Anaheim leaf tissue.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae0
- Material
- Anaheime0
- Outcome
- absorbed sodium reaching the leaf tissuese0
- Direction
- very littlee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seedlings of the Anaheim avocado variety produced excellent growth with no leaf damage whatsoever when 200 p.p.m. of sodium was used in the culture solution, very little of the absorbed sodium reaching the leaf tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium salts in orchard soils may lead to considerable sodium absorption into avocado scion leaves and twigs.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae0
- Outcome
- sodium may be absorbed into the scion leaves and twigse0
- Direction
- considerable amountse0
- Setting
- avocado orchardse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When sodium salts occur in the soils of avocado orchards, considerable amounts of sodium may be absorbed into the scion leaves and twigs”
Claim · model-written summary
Accompanying ions may increase or alter avocado injury.
- Taxon
- AVOCADOPersea americanat0
- Compound
- chloride, sulfate or carbonatee0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- increased or differentiatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Frequently the resulting injury is increased or differentiated because of the effect of the ion accompanying the sodium as for example: chloride, sulfate or carbonate, and possibly by the nature of the rootstock variety”
t0“AVOCADO”
Claim · model-written summary
Avocado tree injury may increase in years of scant rainfall, particularly with chloride.
- Taxon
- AVOCADOPersea americanat0
- Compound
- chloridee0
- Outcome
- tree injurye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- years of scant rainfalle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In years of scant rainfall the tree injury may be increased particularly in the case of the chloride”
t0“AVOCADO”
Claim · model-written summary
Low soil calcium and magnesium may add to avocado tree damage in San Diego County.
- Taxon
- AVOCADOPersea americanat0
- Outcome
- tree damagee0
- Direction
- add toe0
- Setting
- San Diego Countye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In certain areas especially in San Diego County, the soils may contain a relatively low concentration of calcium and magnesium which also [tends to add to the summation tree damage”
t0“AVOCADO”