Abstract
A study was carried out on root-invading fungi of lucerne (Medicago sativa) and winter wheat(Triticum aestivum)under the forage legume-cereal rotation systems on the Loess Plateau of eastern Gansu province, China. Roots of wheat and lucerne were sampled at spring jointing (spring branching), flowering, maturity and seedling or regrowth stage in 2002. Fungi were isolated from lucerne rootlets and the wheat root system. Pathogenicity of these root-invading fungi to lucerne and wheat were determined in the laboratory. Twenty-seven fungal species were isolated and identified from the field plots. Of which 26 fungi were isolated from wheat root and 23 fungi isolated from lucerne rootlets. Among the fungi isolated, 22 species were shared by both lucerne and wheat. They were Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium herbarum, Cylindrocarpon destructans, Fusarium acuminatum, F. avenaceum, F. decemcellulare, F. oxysporum, F. semitectum, F. solani, Fusarium sp., Fusicoccum aesculi, Gliocladium sp., G. roseum, Mucor sp., Penicillium sp., Papulaspora sp., Phoma medicaginis, Rhizoctonia sp., Selinia sp., Staphylotrichum sp., Stemphylium botryosum and Verticillium sp.. Four fungi including Bipolaris sorokiniana, Melasmia sp., Periconia sp. and Phytophthora sp. were only found in wheat root, and only one fungal species, Mycotypha sp was found in lucerne rootlets. However, the dominant species of the root-invading fungi in lucerne and wheat were different. The most common fungal species from lucerne, in order of decreasing frequency of isolation, were F. oxysporum (17.0%), Selinia sp. (15.4%), P. medicaginis (9.5%), F. solani (6.7%) and Cy. destructans (6.6%). The five most common fungi isolated from wheat were Periconia sp. (15.0%), Papulaspora sp. (12.1%), C. herbarum (5.4%), Rhizoctonia sp. (4.0%) and F. oxysporum (3.9%). The total percentage of fungi isolated from lucerne was higher than from wheat. The pathogenicity test results showed that all the fungi tested under the laboratory conditions had pathogenic effects on lucerne and wheat to some extent. In general, the pathogenicity of all the fungi tested was more severe on seeds and seedlings of lucerne than on those of wheat. Fungi isolated from lucerne rootlets including Selinia sp., F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. decemcellulare, S. botryosum, C. herbarum, F. avenaceum and P. medicaginis were pathogenic to lucerne seeds and seedlings. Compared to the not inoculated control, decayed seed percentages in inoculated treatments were 21.0%～32.0%, relative germination was decreased by 23.0%～57.0%, and the disease index was 63.8～89.5. Whereas only F. oxysporum and S. botrysum of fungi isolated from lucerne rootlets showed pathogenicity to wheat seedlings, the disease index was 89.5 and 63.8, respectively. The relative germination was decreased 31.0% by F. oxysporum. Fungi isolated from wheat including F. acuminatum, F. oxysporum, F. avenaceum, F. solani, Fusarium sp., Periconia sp.and Papulaspora sp. showed pathogenicity to seeds and seedlings of lucerne. Compared to the not inoculated control, the inoculation treatments resulted in 20.0%～41.0% decayed seeds. The relative germination was decreased by 8.0%～56.0%, and the disease index was 67.7～88.2. Only Fusarium sp. and B. sorokiniana of fungi isolated from wheat roots showed pathogenicity to wheat seedlings with disease index of 99.1 and 88.8, respectively. The relative germination was decreased 11.0% by B. sorokiniana.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty-seven fungal species were identified from field plots.
- Taxon
- lucerne
Medicago sativat0 - Outcome
- fungal species were isolated and identifiede0
- Value
- Twenty-seven fungal speciese0
- Setting
- field plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Twenty-seven fungal species were isolated and identified from the field plots.”
t0“lucerne”
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty-six fungi were isolated from wheat roots.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Organ / stage
- wheat roote0
- Outcome
- fungi were isolatede0
- Value
- 26 fungie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“26 fungi were isolated from wheat root”
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty-three fungi were isolated from lucerne rootlets.
- Taxon
- lucerneMedicago sativae0
- Organ / stage
- lucerne rootletse0
- Outcome
- fungi isolatede0
- Value
- 23 fungie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“23 fungi isolated from lucerne rootlets”
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty-two fungal species were shared by lucerne and wheat.
- Taxon
- lucerne and wheatMedicago sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- species were sharede0
- Value
- 22 speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“22 species were shared by both lucerne and wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Four fungi were found only in wheat roots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- wheat roote0
- Outcome
- only founde0
- Value
- Four fungie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Four fungi including Bipolaris sorokiniana, Melasmia sp., Periconia sp. and Phytophthora sp. were only found in wheat root”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycotypha sp. alone was unique to lucerne rootlets.
- Taxon
- lucerneMedicago sativae0
- Organ / stage
- lucerne rootletse0
- Outcome
- was founde0
- Value
- one fungal speciese0
MycotyphaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only one fungal species, Mycotypha sp was found in lucerne rootlets.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dominant root-invading fungi differed between lucerne and wheat.
- Taxon
- lucerne and wheatMedicago sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- dominant species of the root-invading fungie0
- Direction
- differente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the dominant species of the root-invading fungi in lucerne and wheat were different.”
Claim · model-written summary
F. oxysporum was the most common isolate from lucerne at 17.0%.
- Taxon
- lucerneMedicago sativat0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume0pathogen - Outcome
- F. oxysporume0
- Value
- 17.0%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“F. oxysporum (17.0%)”
t0“lucerne”
Claim · model-written summary
Selinia sp. was isolated from lucerne at 15.4%.
- Taxon
- lucerneMedicago sativat0
- Outcome
- Selinia sp.e0
- Value
- 15.4%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Selinia sp. (15.4%)”
t0“lucerne”
Claim · model-written summary
P. medicaginis was isolated from lucerne at 9.5%.
- Taxon
- lucerneMedicago sativat0
- Interactor
- P. medicaginise0pathogen
- Outcome
- P. medicaginise0
- Value
- 9.5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. medicaginis (9.5%)”
t0“lucerne”
Claim · model-written summary
Periconia sp. was the most common wheat isolate at 15.0%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Periconia sp.e0
- Value
- 15.0%e0
PericoniaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Periconia sp. (15.0%)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Papulaspora sp. was isolated from wheat at 12.1%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Papulaspora sp.Papulasporae0pathogen
- Outcome
- Papulaspora sp.e0
- Value
- 12.1%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Papulaspora sp. (12.1%)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Total fungal isolation percentage was higher in lucerne than wheat.
- Taxon
- lucerneMedicago sativae0
- Outcome
- total percentage of fungi isolatede0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- wheate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total percentage of fungi isolated from lucerne was higher than from wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Tested fungi were pathogenic to lucerne and wheat under laboratory conditions.
- Taxon
- lucerne and wheatMedicago sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- pathogenic effectse0
- Setting
- laboratory conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all the fungi tested under the laboratory conditions had pathogenic effects on lucerne and wheat to some extent.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal pathogenicity was generally more severe on lucerne seeds and seedlings than wheat.
- Taxon
- lucerneMedicago sativae0
- Organ / stage
- seeds and seedlingse0
- Outcome
- pathogenicitye0
- Direction
- more severee0
- Comparator
- wheate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pathogenicity of all the fungi tested was more severe on seeds and seedlings of lucerne than on those of wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lucerne-isolated fungi produced 21.0%～32.0% decayed lucerne seeds.
- Taxon
- lucerneMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- inoculated treatmentse0
- Outcome
- decayed seed percentagese0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 21.0%～32.0%e0
- Comparator
- not inoculated controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decayed seed percentages in inoculated treatments were 21.0%～32.0%”
t0“lucerne”
e1“Compared to the not inoculated control, decayed seed percentages in inoculated treatments were 21.0%～32.0%”
Claim · model-written summary
Lucerne-isolated fungi reduced lucerne relative germination by 23.0%～57.0%.
- Taxon
- lucerneMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- inoculated treatmentse1
- Outcome
- relative germinatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 23.0%～57.0%e0
- Comparator
- not inoculated controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“relative germination was decreased by 23.0%～57.0%”
t0“lucerne”
e1“decayed seed percentages in inoculated treatments were 21.0%～32.0%”
e2“Compared to the not inoculated control, decayed seed percentages in inoculated treatments were 21.0%～32.0%”
Claim · model-written summary
Lucerne-isolated fungi gave lucerne a disease index of 63.8～89.5.
- Taxon
- lucerneMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- inoculated treatmentse1
- Outcome
- disease indexe0
- Value
- 63.8～89.5e0
- Comparator
- not inoculated controle2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the disease index was 63.8～89.5.”
t0“lucerne”
e1“decayed seed percentages in inoculated treatments were 21.0%～32.0%”
e2“Compared to the not inoculated control, decayed seed percentages in inoculated treatments were 21.0%～32.0%”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat-root fungi inoculation led to 20.0%～41.0% decayed lucerne seeds.
- Taxon
- lucerneMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- inoculation treatmentse0
- Outcome
- decayed seedse0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 20.0%～41.0%e0
- Comparator
- not inoculated controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the inoculation treatments resulted in 20.0%～41.0% decayed seeds.”
t0“lucerne”
e1“Compared to the not inoculated control, decayed seed percentages in inoculated treatments were 21.0%～32.0%”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat-root fungi decreased lucerne relative germination by 8.0%～56.0%.
- Taxon
- lucerneMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- inoculation treatmentse1
- Outcome
- relative germinatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 8.0%～56.0%e0
- Comparator
- not inoculated controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relative germination was decreased by 8.0%～56.0%”
t0“lucerne”
e1“the inoculation treatments resulted in 20.0%～41.0% decayed seeds.”
e2“Compared to the not inoculated control, decayed seed percentages in inoculated treatments were 21.0%～32.0%”
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